The Granicus was roughly 60 feet wide with both a fast current and steep embankments, providing, what they thought to be, an advantage for themselves. Alexander quickly ran him through. In the center of the traditional phalanx were the Thessalian cavalry and additional light troops. After succeeding his father as king of Macedon, Alexander continued the planned invasion of the Persian Empire. Web. At the Battle of the Granicus River in 334 B.C. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Alexander led a charge of his elite Companion cavalry across the steep-sided stream, but the Persian cavalry launched a countercharge, and Alexander was surrounded and disarmed. The battle of Granicus was now over, Persian losses also numbered 4,000 cavalry and 1,000 infantry. After an initial victory against Persian forces at the Battle of the Granicus, Alexander accepted the surrender of the Persian provincial capital and treasury of Sardis; he then proceeded along the Ionian coast, granting autonomy and democracy to the cities. Cite This Work Ancient History Encyclopedia. Arrian wrote: He himself led the right wing with sounding of trumpets, and the men raising the war-cry to Enyallus. Ancient History Encyclopedia. The Battle of the Granicus River in May 334 BC was the first of three major battles fought between Alexander the Great and the Persian Empire. Together with the lack of true leadership - besides Memnon - the battle was lost before it was begun. Alexander attacked, slashing Mithridates across the face. Although causing considerable damage to the attacking center, the Persian weaponry did not match well against the Macedonians – light javelins versus 15-foot lances. In the meantime, more information about the article and the author can be found by clicking on the author’s name. The first victorious engagement of Alexander the Great ’s invasion of the Persian Empire established the Macedonians on enemy soil. Some historians believe this idea cost the Persians the battle. Fought in Northwestern Asia Minor, near the site of Troy, it was here that Alexander defeated the forces of the Persian satraps of Asia Minor, including a large force of Greek mercenaries led by Memnon of Rhodes. Last modified December 20, 2011. Alexander gambled that winning an early victory would allow him to gather supplies for his troops from conquered territory as the harvest ripened. Fought in Asia Minor, Granicus was the first major victory of Alexander over the Persians. Darius fled from the field, abandoning his mother, wife, and children.…. Parmenion with the Thessalians encircled to the left of the Greeks while Alexander and his Companions positioned themselves to the right. Alexander’s forces numbered 13,000 infantry and 5,000 cavalry. Books The Persian plan to tempt Alexander across the river and kill him in the melee almost succeeded; but the Persian line broke, and Alexander’s victory was complete. Throughout the battle, however, the Greek mercenary infantry remained in its position and did not move. in southern Anatolia he defeated a much larger force under the direct command of Darius. Why the Granicus? License. The council decided to put the arriving Macedonians on the defensive by gathering their combined forces and wait for Alexander at the River Granicus. The Persian cavalry could neither move forward because of the river banks nor pull back because of the location of the infantry. The Battle of Granicus River - 334 BCThe Battle of Granicus was the first battle between Alexander The Great and the Persian Empire. He entered the ford, keeping his line always extended obliquely in the direction in which the stream turned itself aside, in order that the Persians might not fall upon him as he was emerging from the water with his men in column, but that he himself might, as far as practicable, encounter them with a broad line. Wasson, D. L. (2011, December 20). The Battle of the Granicus River in May 334 BC was the first of three major battles fought between Alexander the Great and the Persian Empire. Omissions? In The Life of Alexander the Great historian Plutarch discussed Alexander’s trip to Troy where he honored Homer’s hero Achilles. At the Granicus, as has been noted, Alexander, in Arrian’s account, had to fight his way across the river, but in the account of Diodorus, the battle is fought on the other side of the river. Half died in battle; the rest were sent as chained slaves to work in Macedonian mines. Otras versiones: español English français magyar македонски Esta es una imagen retocada, lo que significa que ha sido alterada digitalmente de su versión original. The Battle of the Granicus River in May 334 BC was the first of three major battles fought between Alexander the Great and the Persian Empire. Battle Granicus-en.svg; Autor: Battle Granicus-en.svg: Andrei Nacu, from the English Wiki; derivative work: Gizmo II ¿Eu? The Granicus has long been identified with the river now known as the Kocabaş Cay, and on this point, there is now general agreement.222 (When I wrote my original thesis, the prevailing view amongst scholars on this subject was that the Granicus River had not changed its course since the time of this battle. In the early years of Alexander’s career as ruler of Macedonia and leader of the army, his determination for conquest was shared by his men. The first victorious engagement of Alexander the Great’s invasion of the Persian Empire established the Macedonians on enemy soil. Alexander became the aggressor sending, from the center, Companion cavalry, lancers and light troops across the river first. One unique and problematic situation for the Persians was the positioning of their cavalry on the banks of the Granicus; the Greek mercenary infantry - 5,000 strong - was placed behind them. As Alexander rose from the waters of the Granicus, he noticed Mithridates, Darius’s son-in-law, riding with a squadron of cavalry - detached from the main Persian forces. According to Arrian and other sources, Alexander made himself extremely conspicuous both by the “brightness of his arms” and the “respectful countenance of his staff.” He was also quite noticeable by the large white plume on his helmet. Please move this article to Battle of the Granicus River, if you could.--Ariobarza 13:29, 1 March 2008 (UTC)Ariobarza talk Oppose This (or rather Battle of the Granicus, where the article actually is) is the usual English name, and the only meaning of Granicus; the proposed title is as redundant and unnatural as Battle of the Marne River. Foss and E. Badian, “The Battle of the Granicus: A New Look,” in Ancient Macedonia II, Thessaloniki, 1977, pp. The Battle of the Granicus River in May 334 BC was the first of three major battles fought between Alexander the Great and the Persian Empire. Although numbers vary among the various ancient sources, modern accounts number the Persians at 10,000 cavalry and 5,000 Greek mercenary infantry. Updates? Of the 5,000 Greek mercenaries only 2,000 survived, and they were sent to Macedon to work the mines; the rest were slaughtered. The battle to annihilate these men also turned out to be far bloodier than the previous battle with the Persians, and most of the Macedonian casualties during Granicus happened in this phase of the battle as the Greek hoplites fought for their lives. Alexander’s experienced second-in-command Parmenion advocated attacking the next day, but his impetuous commander overrode him and decided … 300 suits of Persian armor were sent home to Athens to remind the Greeks that Granicus was only one step in the war of revenge against the Persians. And this obstinacy of his to cut off these experienced desperate men cost him the lives of more of his own soldiers than all the battle before, besides those who were wounded. He announced the offensive as a Greek revenge for the Persian invasions of Greece in 490 bce and 480 bce. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. 495-502 and 271-93 respectively (the joint presentation was unfortunately torn apart and the order of the papers inverted by the editors; Foss, discussing the topography, should be read before Badian, discussing the battle). Fought in Northwestern Asia Minor, near the site of Troy, it was here that Alexander defeated the forces of the Persian satraps of Asia Minor, including a large force of Greek mercenaries led by Memnon of Rhodes. After Granicus there was little resistance against Alexander and his forces. In Arrian, river crossings play an important part in three of the four main battles. This conspicuousness did not escape the Persians whose major objective became to kill Alexander. 15 Jan 2021. It allowed Alexander to replenish his empty supply stores and encouraged some key Greek states to rebel against the Persians. According to adjusted modern accounts, the Persians lost 10-20 percent of their forces and two-thirds of their commanders. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2021) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. How wide was the river? Please support Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Alexander defeated the forces of the Persian satraps of Asia Minor. Retrieved from https://www.ancient.eu/Battle_of_the_Granicus/. The Battle of the Granicus in May 334 BCE was Alexander the Great's (356-323 BCE) first major victory against the forces of the Achaemenid Empire. Related Content While Alexander and his men were at Troy, the Persians held a council of local satraps to discuss the arrival of the young Macedonian and possible strategies to defend against him. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University and Michigan State University and University of Missouri. In addition, the one weapon unique to the Persians, the scythed chariot, was almost useless on the muddy riverbank. These articles have not yet undergone the rigorous in-house editing or fact-checking and styling process to which most Britannica articles are customarily subjected. The victory left Asia Minor wide open to the Macedonian invasion. Battle Summary Map - This map shows, in Pseudo 3D, the most important movements of the Battle. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. 2 They are of a piece with Diodorus' account of the battle at Thebes in 335 B.C., when the Thebans were portrayed as fighting a battle ‘in front of the city’ (as the Trojans did), Alexander made unsporting use of reserves and the contest was in two rounds, the first remarkable for the epic use of missiles (Diod. In addition, the one weapon unique to the Persians, the scythed chariot, was almost useless on the muddy riverbank. They were intent upon attacking the Macedonians in the water where the footing was slippery and difficult. Mosaic of Alexander the Great discovered in the House of the Faun, Pompeii, Italy. 2 reasons. The Battle of the Granicus River. Back home, statues honoring the 25 fallen Companions were erected at the sanctuary of Zeus at Dium near Mount Olympus. Although these articles may currently differ in style from others on the site, they allow us to provide wider coverage of topics sought by our readers, through a diverse range of trusted voices. Battle of the Granicus: Amazon.es: Miller, Frederic P., Vandome, Agnes F., McBrewster, John: Libros en idiomas extranjeros Although suffering a number of casualties, Alexander began to gain the advantage, and many of the Persians began to retreat. Memnon himself led the Persian center. During the engagement at the Battle of the Granicus, Alexander and his army did not have to engage Darius III and the massive hordes of the Persian directly.At the time Alexander was not seen as a threat and it was thought in Persia his invasion was going to be short lived. After this victory against his satraps, he would meet Darius in battle twice, at the Battle of Issus and then at the Battle of Gaugamela. A map showing the route that Alexander the Great took to conquer... A map showing the Battle of the Granicus River, May 334 BCE. Otherwise he describes the combat in the same way, including Alexander's brush with death and his personal combat with all the Persian nobles. Alexander had crossed the Hellespont with his combined Macedonian and Greek forces and stepped upon the shores of Anatolia. The Battle of the Granicus River in May 334 BC was the first of three major battles fought between Alexander the Great and the Persian Empire. Rupert Matthews has been fascinated by battlefields since his father took him to Waterloo when he was nine years old. Alexander the Great in Combatby Warner Brothers (Copyright, fair use). Ancient History Encyclopedia Limited is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. Map of the Battle of the Granicusby US Military Academy (Public Domain). Was this a tactical error … The statues were eventually set up in Dium, a city in Macedon at the foot of Mount Ol… To the surviving relatives of his fallen soldiers, Alexander granted immunity from taxation and public service. Battle of the Granicus. https://www.ancient.eu/Battle_of_the_Granicus/. For a brief moment, both armies stood across from each other in silence. 1) It had steep (and in some places sheer) banks making it hard to climb. With the loss of a number of their leaders, the Persians became disorganized and, with morale destroyed, retreated. THE BATTLE OF THE GRANICUS RIVER 75 dawn battle sub luce was padded out with details from Arrian's (or his source's) account; but at least the Itinerarium did not transfer those details to a different battle-scene. The Battle of the Granicus River in May 334 BC was the first of three major battles fought between Alexander the Great and the Persian Empire.Fought in Northwestern Asia Minor, near the site of Troy, it was here that Alexander defeated the forces of the Persian satraps of Asia Minor, including a large force of Greek mercenaries led by Memnon of Rhodes. However, the battle very nearly cost Alexander his life. Amid the sound of trumpets, Alexander and his men plunged into the water and up the opposing bank diagonally. …by three satraps, at the Granicus (modern Kocabaş) River, near the Sea of Marmara (May/June 334). Alexander's casualties were non existent, with losses of 200 cavalry and 100 infantry. The Ancient History Encyclopedia logo is a registered EU trademark. Was this a tactical error or pure arrogance? For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Battle of the Granicus is similar to these military conflicts: Battle of Issus, Battle of Gaugamela, Wars of Alexander the Great and more. Losses: Macedonian, 400 dead and 2,000 wounded of 40,000; Persian, 5,000 dead and 2,000 captured of 50,000. Corrections? Louvre, Paris. Although advised by Greek mercenary Memnon of Rhodes to fall back and starve Alexander into retreat, the Persian commander Arsames decided to confront the invaders on the Granicus River, east of the Dardanelles. The battle on the Granicus [16.1] In the meantime, Darius' captains, having collected large forces, were encamped on the further bank of the river Granicus, and it was necessary to fight, as it were, in the gate of Asia for an entrance into it. Plutarch wrote: He passed the Hellespont, and at Troy sacrificed to Minerva, and honoured the memory of the heroes who were buried there, with solemn libations, especially Achilles, whose gravestone be anointed, and with his friends, as the ancient custom is, ran naked about his sepulcher, and crowned it with garlands, declaring how happy he esteemed him, in having while he lived so faithful a friend, and when he was dead, so famous a poet to proclaim his actions. 2) The river bed was uneven, meaning the water was deep in places and hard to cross. They, of course, considered Persian warfare superior to the tactics of invading Greeks. A map showing the locations of battles in ancient Greece. The result of the Granicus battle must have reaffirmed the faith placed by the Persian king, Darius III, in Memnon. Darius’s Greek mercenaries were largely massacred, but…, …an Achaemenid army at the Granicus and, by the following year, had won most of Asia Minor and reached Cilicia. As the Macedonian forces neared the river, Parmenion, one of Alexander’s most loyal generals and commander of his left flank, advised Alexander they should wait until morning before attacking. Ancient History Encyclopedia. He saved Alexander's life at the Battle of the Granicus in 334 BC and was killed by him in a drunken quarrel six years later. As the Persians fell back, Alexander, instead of pursuing the retreating Persians, turned his attention to the Greek mercenaries who, in turn, pleaded for mercy. Little of him was known to the Persians and King Darius felt little or no inclination to meet him, believing, instead, his trusted commander, Memnon, and the local governors (or satraps) could handle the young upstart. Diodorus describes a north-south battle, over open ground, that commenced in the morning after Alexander had crossed the Granicus. The Battle of the Granicus was the first major engagement between Alexander III the Great commanding his army of Macedonians, Greeks, and Thracians facing off with the vast armies of the Achaemenid Empire under the high command of Darius III. Thank you! Why did Alexander ignore the pleas of the mercenaries? Let us know. Page 1 of 1 - About 6 Essays Alexander The Great: The Success Of Alexander The Great. He ordered Lysippus, considered perhaps the greatest sculptor of the day, to make bronze statues of the 25 Companion cavalrymen who fell in the initial feint attack. To honor all who had died in battle, Alexander buried both Greek and Persians alike (although the Persians normally burned their dead). The Battle of the Granicus River In chapter 15 of the Life Plutarch tells us that when Alexander left Macedon his army was between 30,000 – 43,000 infantry and 4,000 – 5,000 cavalry in size. And so in May 334 BC the Persian and Macedonian armies faced each other on opposite sides of the Granicus River. In total it numbered nearly 40,000 men according to the Greek historian Arrian, slightly larger than Alexander’s 37,000-strong force. Upon arriving on the opposite bank of the river, the fight turned to a hand-to-hand confrontation. He doesn't mention the aborted attack the evening before. The battle would begin in the afternoon but would last barely an hour. After receiving word from his scouts of the Persians' location at Granicus, Alexander advanced towards the river; he had come to realize that he must defeat the Persians to gain the necessary resources to continue on his quest of conquering Persia. Alexander had lined his forces on the western banks of the river; Parmenion commanded the left while Alexander (with his eight bodyguards), his Companion cavalry forces, and light troops stationed themselves on the far right. It allowed Alexander to replenish his empty supply stores and encouraged some key Greek states to rebel against the Persians. Battle of Granicus, (May 334 bce). Alexander's victory at Granicus shattered the myth of Persian invincibility and launched the persona of Alexander as one of history's great commanders. Some historians believe this idea cost the Persians the battle. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. The Battle of the Granicus River in May 334 BC was the first of three major battles fought between Alexander the Great and the Persian Empire. His army consisted chiefly of Macedonians, but with some allied Greeks. One unique and problematic situation for the Persians was the positioning of their cavalry on the banks of the Granicus; the Greek mercenary infantry - 5,000 strong - was placed behind them. He is eager to pass knowledge on to his students. Fought in northwestern Asia Minor, near the site of Troy, it was here that Alexander defeated the forces of the Persian satraps of Asia Minor, including a large force of Greek mercenaries led by Memnon of Rhodes. fight for him without question. Alexander rejected Parmenion’s plea; the battle would begin that afternoon but would last barely an hour. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. After a tough struggle, Alexander’s heavy cavalry broke through the Persian army, the Macedonian phalanx followed through the gap, and the Persians fled. In November of 333 BCE, Alexander and Darius would face each other at Issus. The best account in the ancient sources, which include Diodorus Siculus (1st century bc) and Plutarch’s Life of Alexander (2nd century ad), is that of Arrian’s Anabasis (2nd century ad), which draws directly from contemporary accounts. This army included a large force of Greek mercenaries led by Memnon of Rhodes. In May 334 BCE he had his first opportunity when he faced the Persians on the banks of the River Granicus. (2) The sideways movement of Alexander in … Plutarch spoke of this encounter saying: The mercenary Greeks, who, making a stand upon a rising ground, desired quarter, which Alexander, guided rather by passion than judgment refused to grant, and charging them himself first, had his horse (not Bucephalus) killed under him. The Battle of the Granicus was the first major engagement between Alexander III the Great commanding his army of Macedonians, Greeks, and Thracians facing off with the vast armies of the Achaemenid Empire under the high command of Darius III.During this engagement the Persian forces would be lead by general Memnon would be defeated by the combined assault of Alexander. Articles such as this one were acquired and published with the primary aim of expanding the information on Britannica.com with greater speed and efficiency than has traditionally been possible. And so in May 334 BC the Persian and Macedonian armies faced each other on opposite sides of the Granicus River. xvii 11.3, 12.1–2). The Battle of Granikos (Granicus) By Maciek Category: Classical Mediterranean and Europe: Greek Military. Rhoesaces, a Persian satrap commander, noticed the attack upon Mithridates and raised his sword at Alexander, slicing off part of his plume and cracking his helmet. His goal was simple: to defeat Darius III (r. 336-330 BCE) and conquer the vast Persian Empire. At the Battle of Issus in 333 B.C. As he was expanding eastward, Alexander would have three major battles with the Persians, and the first was at the crossing of the Granicus River in 334 BC. Warfare is generally understood to be the controlled and systematic... Battle of the Granicus by Charles Le Brun, 1665 CE We must get used to these figures as he does not provide any more ahead of his account of the Battle of the Granicus, which begins in chapter 16. The Persian army consisted predominantly of cavalry but it also had a substantial number of Greek mercenary infantry. Interested in participating in the Publishing Partner Program? By crossing into Asia before the campaigning season, it caught the Persians off guard. The Persian cavalry could neither move forward because of the river banks nor pull back because of the location of the infantry. Granicus, ( May 334 bce ) the ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a registered EU trademark and so May... Responded with a hail of arrows and javelins - 25-30 Companions - 120! Hail of arrows and javelins - the battle of the battle would begin that afternoon but would barely. 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