Nationalism and particularism of the Ogaden Somali in Ethiopia. In Ethiopia’s case, Mengistu emerged from his victory in a far from magnanimous mood. The scale of Soviet bloc military assistance was impressive, with an estimated total of around US$1bn worth of arms being provided either by shipping from Aden, or from the Soviet Air Force’s Air Transport Command flying from air bases in the USSR, or from the then-Warsaw Pact member states of Hungary and Bulgaria. Violent Peace: The War with China: Aftermath of Armageddon is the twentieth military action thriller in the Captain Dan Lenson series. Meanwhile, Barre undermined himself strategically by mishandling his relations with the superpowers. The Ogaden contains oil and gas fields, but development has been hampered by … Change ). Contrary to the Cold War image of the Cubans as ‘Moscow’s Ghurkhas’, Castro had a record of instigating expeditionary operations in support of revolutionary movements and regimes. This mapillustrates the position of the opposing forces by February-March 1978: As this phase the SNA held the Western end of the Kara Mandeh Pass, on the main supply route which in peacetime had linked Dire Dawa and Harar (still in Ethiopian hands) with Jijiga. Did many of the veterans of the war end up becoming diaspora? On 9 March 1978, Siad Barre ordered the SNA to withdraw into Somalia, having already withdrawn the SNA's heavy weapons. This interventionist trait was demonstrated during the Angolan civil war of 1975-1976, when during the chaos of Portuguese decolonisation he had sent first advisors and then a task force to successfully defend the MPLA regime against two rival national-liberation movements, the FNLA and UNITA, which were backed by Zaire, apartheidSouth Africa and the USA. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. But it was also a precursor to a series of humanitarian disasters that occurred in both Ethiopia and Somalia, the consequences of which we are still experiencing today. The USSR provided arms and also a military mission to train the SNA, and five years after Barre’s Moscow and Mogadishu concluded a bilateral friendship treaty – the first signed by the Soviets with a sub-Saharan African state. SV Rifles and weapons including artillery guns (2 shots) 1.54 9. Somalia openly announced her intentions upon achieving independence in 1960: Somali enclaves in the Horn of Africa must become part of the new nation. The OGADEN War, a brief but costly war fought by Ethiopia and Somalia had been aggravated by outside intervention for many years, and in 1970s by the so called superpowers. Despite attempts by the Cubans and East Germans to promote mediation, Mengistu therefore declared  total war against the Eritrean and Tigrean rebels, making no distinction between guerrillas and civilians in either case, and his regime’s efforts to starve out the insurgencies were the primary cause of the horrific famine that shocked world opinion in the mid-1980s. Share Tweet. The finest and most comprehensive archive of fabulous footage and stunning stills. In late September 1977 the PDRY sent two battalions of troops to Ethiopia, and two months later the USSR commenced a massive sea and airlift of arms to Mengistu’s regime. The Ogaden War. During the War, Stalin established relations with the 'Royal government-in-exile' and promised the British that King Peter would be restored. THE BATTLE FOR THE HORN OF AFRICA: A RETROSPECTIVE, ‘if one were to combine the Ethiopian air force and the Somali tank units, one would have created Africa’s dream army’, the rupturing of Somalia’s alliance with the Soviet bloc, The scale of Soviet bloc military assistance. What was left of the WSLF carried on a doomed insurgency in Southern Ogaden for four more years, but the Ethiopian armed forces conducted a successful counter-insurgency campaign (known as Lash, the Amharic word for ringworm) to secure the province. Ogaden is still the scene of anti-government activity, conducted by the Ogaden National Liberation Front, and Ethiopian security forces stand accused of human rights abuses carried out in an attempt to suppress this latest rebellion against Addis Ababa. The Ogaden War was a conventional conflict between Somalia and Ethiopia in 1977 and 1978 over the Ogaden region of Ethiopia. What also proved to be crucial was the airlift of 15,000 Cuban troops (a total of three brigades) to reinforce the Ethiopians. The Ogaden War was a border war fought between the communist governments of Derg-ruled Ethiopia and the Somali Democratic Republic from 1977 to 1978 during the Cold War. In 2007, the Ethiopian Army launched a military crackdown in Ogaden after Ogaden rebels killed dozens of civilian staff workers and guards at an Ethiopian oil field. The conflict and its aftermath bear striking parallels to events in East Asia during World War 2, and memories of the 16th century war remain deeply resonant in the region. However, Ethiopia immediately claimed sovereignty over the fertile grazing lands, and Britain failde to buy back the Ogaden region in 1956. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. On 12 July 1977, 70,000 SNA troops, 40 fighter planes, 250 tanks, 350 APCs, and 600 artillery (practically the whole SNA) invaded the Ogaden, occupying 60% of the Ogaden region by the end of the month and destroying two Ethiopian infantry divisions. … By Don Oberdorfer. The Ogaden War Video Game. The battle of Jijiga had second and third-order consequences in the form of the decline of East-West détente, Somalia’s collapse into anarchy, the horrors of the Ethiopian famine in the mid-1980s (which inspired the Live Aid and Band Aid charity concerts), and endemic instability within the Horn of Africa. The Ethiopian Emperor Menelik II crushed an Italian invasion at the battle of Adwa in 1896, and also conquered Ogaden and added it to his realm. Historica Wiki is a FANDOM Games Community. The Ogaden War 1977-1978. https://historica.fandom.com/wiki/Ogaden_War?oldid=292788. In 1973, Ethiopia, under Emperor Haile Selaisse (pictured above), represented a stalwart American regional partner. The Ethiopian-Somali clash became one of what the National Security Advisor saw as a series of Soviet provocations in an ‘Arc of Crisis’ stretching from the Red Sea to South Asia, culminating in the USSR’s intervention in Afghanistan (25th December 1979). An American Military Advisory and Assistance Group (MAAG) trained its armed forces, which also received a total of US$161m in arms and equipment from the USA from 1950 to 1973. To begin with, I received financial Even now, there is still tension over Ogaden. The 4th March 1978 was a pivotal day in one of the most obscure decisive battles in military history. On the eve of the Somali invasion of the Ogaden Barre’s forces were outnumbered on paper by their adversaries, having 25,000 troops (in one commando, 9 mechanised and 5 infantry battalions) facing 51,000 soldiers (in 3 infantry divisions, a mechanised battalion and an airborne battalion). The two opposing sides were well-equipped for manoeuvre warfare, and had been trained and equipped by the superpowers. Here are 10 facts that tell the story of the aftermath of World War One.As a massive, total war the conflict affected millions of lives, and shaped the future in profound ways.Indeed, 20 years later Europe would be shaken by an even greater war that many attribute to the fallout from this first great conflict.. 1. By 23 March 1978, the Ethiopians and Cubans had recaptured more than two-thirds of the Ogaden, marking the official end of the war. IN THE OGADEN, Ethiopia — For nine months, from July 1977 until March 1978, the battle between Ethiopia and Somalia for this tortured region was the hottest war … As a military historian and soldier I would encourage more pertinent analysis on these conflicts. It’s overall impact on the Horn of Africa is all too often overlooked. Acknowledgements I owe several institutions and individuals sincere gratitude for their support throughout the research and writing of this dissertation. However, evidence of US collusion in Somalia’s invasion of the Ogaden remains elusive, and although Brzezinski attempted to push policy in a pro-Somali direction after July 1977 the administration declared its neutrality during this conflict, issuing appeals for a peaceful settlement and calling for the disengagement of all foreign forces from the Horn of Africa. In New Trends in Ethiopian Studies – Papers of the 12th International Con-ference of Ethiopian Studies, ed. The USSR chose to side with Ethiopia, and Marshal Vasily Petrov reported the "sorry state" of the Ethiopian military to Moscow. The Klan operated as a vigilante group that targeted newly freed black populations and Republican politicians in the Reconstruction governments of the former Confederacy. Fears of famine are rising in the country's troubled and barren eastern badlands. The Ogaden… By the summer of 1977 the WSLF had seized control over much of the countryside, leaving the urban areas of the province under Ethiopian control. During the Ogaden War, the Soviet Union maintained its support of Somalia while China switched its support to Ethiopia. In 1969, following the assassination of Somali president Abdirashid Shermarke by a disgruntled bodyguard, the Somali military officer Siad Barre seized power in a bloodless coup, banning the nationalist Somali Youth League party and establishing a Marxist-Leninist dictatorship, the Somali Democratic Republic. The Ogaden Crisis . by H.G. Borisov commanded the Ethiopian ground forces, and Ochoa Sanchez the Cubans. The Soviet planning cell concentrated its efforts on enabling the Ethiopians to recover the initiative, and to inflict a crushing defeat on the Somalis before potential international mediators could promote a ceasefire. But it isn't entirely missing from the theory either. The latter would enable the Ethiopians and Cubans to establish a forward operating base North of Jijiga, and then to subsequently recapture the town from its Somali and WSLF garrison, cutting off the Eastern escape route of the SNA formations inside the Kara Mandeh. The Ethiopians repulsed the Somali assault on the airbase, but, in mid-September, the SNA and WSLF demoralized the Ethiopians with a major victory at the Battle of Jijiga. As the flanking force assaulted and captured Jijiga, the diversionary element became the main effort, smashing through an enemy trapped within the Kara Mandeh Pass. The war is so significant to American history because the participants were some the greatest powers of its time and it had such a detrimental aftermath. In the midst of this chaos Barre spotted an opportunity to snatch the Ogaden, initially by supporting the West Somali Liberation Front (WSLF), an insurgent movement that was trained and ultimately augmented by the SNA. The qualitative as well as the quantitative dimensions of Soviet aid proved to be significant. Somalia pursued its territorial claims on Ethiopia with the Organisation of African Unity (OAU, the precursor to the African Union), but the latter backed Addis Ababa; not only because Ethiopia was one of its founder states, but because the newly-independent sub-Saharan states recognised that while colonially-defined frontiers were an affront, their unravelling was also potentially destabilising. WAR/PHOTOGRAPHY: Images of Armed Conflict and Its Aftermath features nearly 500 objects, including photographs, books, magazines, albums and photographic equipment. The problem was that it had been preceded by months of indecision and drift which, Louise Woodroofe convincingly argues, sent mixed messages to both Mogadishu and Addis Ababa. That capacity for major combat operations (MCO) has been recorded by the historian Gebru Tareke, the most authoritative scholar of this conflict, quoting an Ethiopian veteran of this war who stated that ‘if one were to combine the Ethiopian air force and the Somali tank units, one would have created Africa’s dream army’. How were they okay with being united with their enemy? His command was augmented by Soviet officers who had hitherto been attached to the advisory mission to Somalia, including its head Lieutenant-General Grigori Borisov (who subsequently became General Petrov’s operations officer, and the de factocommander-in-chief of the Ethiopian military). The Aftermath of the Afghan War. And yet this conflict – and the culminating battle which ended it – remain as blank spots in recent history, arguably because very little about the Ogaden War has been published in English. The Ethiopians were routed, and on 12thSeptember 1977 the strategically-vital town of Jijiga fell to the invaders. The main rebel group is the Ogaden National Liberation Front under its Chairman Mohamed O. Furthermore, the Soviets concluded that after the Egyptian President Anwar Sadat’s turn towards the West, the USSR needed for reasons of prestige to bolster its newest ally in North-East Africa. Aside from enhanced command and control, Petrov’s mission reported provided important intelligence assistance to the Ethiopians as well. This included at least 400 T-54/T55s, 200 armoured fighting vehicles and armoured personnel carriers, 60 FGA, 300 artillery tubes and 28 Katyushamultiple rocket-launchers. Mengistu set up a Supreme Military Strategic Committee to co-ordinate the counter-offensive, with Petrov as its chair. They just fought against the North in the bloodiest war in U.S. history. The Cuban leader regarded himself as a partner, rather than a proxy, for his Soviet allies, and despite outward appearances the relationship between Moscow and Havana was by no means one of superpower dominance and client subservience. The capitalist reforms culminated in a recession during the early 1990s, more severe than the Great Depression, as experienced by Germany and the United States. Meanwhile, the Ethiopian 10thInfantry Division (reinforced by another Cuban brigade) would undertake a flank march North of the Ahmar mountains, supported by Soviet rotary lift. Ethiopia also benefitted from its defence ties with the USA. The imagery intelligence provided was fed both to a Soviet communications complex in Addis Ababa, and a ground station at Dire Dawa. Yet at the time of the Ethiopian-Somali conflict he was evidently trusted for both political and professional reasons to command the expeditionary force Havana sent to the Horn of Africa. By the month's end, Somalia was in control of 90% of the Ogaden. ( Log Out /  Soviet bloc aid served to reinforce Ethiopian air superiority, which helped shape the battle to come. The province of Ogaden is around 200,000 square kilometres in size, consisting of a largely barren plain, bounded to the North by the highlands of the Ahmar mountains and the Harar Plateau. However, irredentism was one of the few sources of political unity in the new state, not least because Somali clans had kinship ties with their brethren across the border with Ethiopia, and also with the populations of the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas (which achieved statehood as Djibouti in June 1977) and the Northern Frontier District of Kenya, which gained independence from Britain in 1963. After all, their entire economic system was dependent on their cash crops, which was mostly run by slaves. Mengistu’s forces managed to keep a toe-hold on Northern Ogaden, thwarting an SNA/WSLF attack on Dire Dawa on 17thAugust, whilst defending Harar from a series of Somali/insurgent onslaughts from September 1977 to January 1978. In June 1977 the Somali dictator was reportedly emboldened by a visit his American physician, Dr Kevin Cahill, paid to Washington DC. Eritrea attained independence in the aftermath of the Eritrean War of Independence, inspiring ONLF to pursue a similar goal for Ogaden. Cahill claimed to have received assurances from US officials that the USA was not opposed to a Somali invasion of Ethiopia. The Somalis lost four out of six of their Brigades, and the remnants retreated home in disarray. ( Log Out /  In January 1993, ONLF candidate Abdillahi Mohammed Sadi was elected Somali Regional president by receiving 70% of the votes, Sadi was however sacked by Tigray People’s Liberation Front officials seven months later creating a power vacuum. The Insurgency in Ogaden was an armed conflict that took place from 1994 to 2019. By 15 March, the Somali withdrawal was complete, ending the war. After the Korean War, North Korea became completely isolated. Somalia attempted to annex the Somali-majority Ogaden region of Ethiopia with the help of the local WSLF separatist movement, but Somalia's erstwhile allies, the USSR-led Eastern Bloc, sided with Ethiopia and helped … Barre’s failure to gain US support was compounded by the rupturing of Somalia’s alliance with the Soviet bloc. Founded to sing patriotic songs by the government’s Ministry of Interior in 1978 — the height of the Somali-Ethiopian border conflict — peacetime presented a crisis of identity. SHARES. The Ogaden: a forgotten war draining a forgotten people. Readers will no doubt be familiar with the ‘Scramble for Africa’ during the late 19th Century, in which the European powers divided the continent between then in their quest for colonies. Even before the commander of the Somali National Army (SNA) Mohammed Siad Barre seized power on 21stOctober 1969, Somalia was a Soviet ally. However, the Somali tank battalions suffered from heavy attrition due to Ethiopian air attacks on their supply lines, and the rainy season made the Ogaden's dirt roads unusable. The Superpowers and the Ogaden War. Ogaden War - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. From what subsequently transpired it is possible to infer that Barre and his advisors had no idea that their enemy had been reinforced with substantial assets for air mobility and vertical envelopment. MUSCAT: In the aftermath of the Ogaden War, Somalia’s Bakaka Band found themselves “somewhat meaningless,” in the words of singer Shimaali Ahmed Shimaali. The photographs were made by more than 280 photographers, from 28 nations, who have covered conflict on six continents over 165 years, from the Mexican-American War of 1846 through present-day conflicts. Just over 20 years after the Ogaden war Ochoa Sanchez was to be tried and executed in Cuba on charges (possibly fabricated) of corruption and drug-trafficking. For his part, Barre had gambled that capturing Ogaden and uniting its population with the Somali homeland would bolster his regime. The Ogaden War, or the Ethio-Somali war (Somali: Dagaalkii Xoraynta Soomaali Galbeed), was a Somali military offensive between July 1977 and March 1978 over the disputed Ethiopian region of Ogaden, which began with the Somali invasion of Ethiopia. Special to The New York Times. The country barred itself from every other country except China; the North Korean leaders still kept in contact with the Chinese leaders, but failed to maintain a steady relationship with other countries. ( Log Out /  Context: The Ogaden War was when Somalia tried to invade Ethiopia for the Ogaden region with help of the USSR. The Soviet Union disapproved of the invasion and ceased its support of Somalia, instead starting to support Ethiopia. To prepare the battlefield the Ethiopian air force – reportedly reinforced by Cuban aircrew – flew close air support strikes against the SNA, and also launched interdiction sorties into Somalia itself which included air-strikes on Hargeisa and the port of Berbera. Why Ogaden War CSC 1986 SUBJECT AREA History EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TITLE: WHY OGADEN WAR As the sun rose in the Horn of Africa, on July 23rd. Hello, I know the war with Ethiopia was one of the major turning points in somalias history but is largely forgotten today around the world. In 1979, a group of disgruntled officers formed the Somali Salvation Democratic Front, and the disorganized and demoralized SNA and the angry population of Somalia would rebel against Siad Barre in the Somali Rebellion of 1978-1991, ultimately leading to the Somali Civil War. However, the Ethiopian Empire was the one indigenous state that not only survived the European onslaught, but also had a say in how its borders were drawn. The war was predominantly fought in the Ogaden region in eastern Ethiopia. With massive support from Cuba and other allies, Ethiopia managed to push the Somali forces out of Ogaden. The plan for Jijiga was a simple one. In the aftermath of the Ogaden War, a group of disgruntled army officers attempted a coup d'état against the regime in April 1978. The Superpowers and the Ogaden War. South Yemen offered military assistance, North Korea helped to train a "People's Militia", and East Germany sent trainers and troops to support the Derg's forces. Diaspora Veterans of the Ogaden War? The Ethiopians quickly recovered control of the Ogaden, and on 23rdMarch Mengistu declared victory, avoiding the temptation to launch a counter-invasion of Somalia that could have provoked a wider war (Iran, Egypt, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia having reportedly pledged military aid to Barre if Ethiopian forces crossed the frontier). SV Ethiopian soldier walking past t-55 Somali tank 2.18 11. Two questions: How did they adjust to not having slaves? The war cost Somalia a third of its army, three-eighths of its armored units, and half of its air force, and Siad Barre was forced to abandon his nationalist aspirations. For Cold War and military historians, a retrospective analysis of Jijiga allows us to ponder both a classic – if forgotten – example of combined-arms manoeuvre in practice. Cubans fight Somalis in Ethiopia *Designers Note: if you have any information on the Ogaden War that might help make this a better game, please reach out! The battle of Jijiga was the climax of an eight month war between Ethiopia and Somalia, provoked by the latter’s territorial claim on the province of Ogaden, and it was a crushing victory for the Ethiopians, aided by a Cuban expeditionary force and a military mission of Soviet advisors. Ethiopia was saved from a major defeat and a permanent loss of territory through a massive airliftof military supplies worth $1 billion, the arrival of bet… Aside from the Italian occupation from 1935-1941, the Ogaden remained an Ethiopian possession. The alignment between the Eritrean and Tigrean rebels who defeated him led to Eritrea’s independence in 1993, although five years later a bitter border war between the two successor states has led to a proxy conflict that continues to destabilise the region. Just when it seemed that Somalia would win the war, the Soviet, Libya, and I think others supplied more arms to Ethiopia, giving it the edge it needed to win. Eritrea attained independence in the aftermath of the Eritrean War of Independence, inspiring ONLF to pursue a similar goal for Ogaden. This was my first comic hope you enjoy. By January 1978 the front-line in the Ogaden had stabilised, and Petrov noted that the Ethiopian regular forces had been badly worsted in its fight against the SNA and WSLF, with two of its three infantry divisions broken by their losses. Ethiopian aircrew benefited from both their experience (their air force had 30 years of corporate service compared to 15 for their Somali foes) and the superiority of their Western training, reportedly shooting down over 30 Somali MiGs in air-to-air combat. March 5, 1978. From Brzezinski’s perspective, the Ogaden War soured US-Soviet relations, undermining the attempts made by the US Secretary of State (and rival to the National Security Advisor) Cyrus Vance to ease East-West tensions. In the aftermath of World War II the British did propose to cede the territory to Somalia (as a preparatory move towards statehood), but the Emperor Haile Selassie successfully opposed secession with US diplomatic support. Zbigniew Brzezinski, the National Security Advisor for the then-US President Jimmy Carter, blamed Soviet and Cuban intervention in the Ethiopian-Somali War for the deterioration of superpower relations during the late 1970s, declaring portentously that US-Soviet strategic arms control talks were ‘buried in the sands of the Ogaden’. The original idea was probably that post bellum justice was included in the criteria for ad bellum justice. The efforts by ‘Africa’s Stalin’ to crush his foes by a combination of military force and starvation backfired, and in May 1991 he fled Addis Ababa as rebel forces stormed his capital, seeking sanctuary in Zimbabwe from his fellow despot Robert Mugabe. Map of the War in the Ogaden 1977-1978 p. 243 Bibliography p. 244 3. In 1948, following the end of World War II, the United Kingdom partitioned Italian East Africa, returning the Somali-majority region of Ogaden to the Ethiopian Empire after stipulating that Ethiopia would recognize the Somali community's autonomy. After Soviet ceasefire efforts failed, the USSR cut off aid to Somalia, and Soviet military aid and advisors began to flood Ethiopia, whose army was reinforced by 15,000 Cuban Tropas. ( Log Out /  The mismatch between the two sides – and the preparatory guerrilla campaign by the WSLF – accounts for the immediate successes of the Somali onslaught in the summer of 1977. Image: Cuban artillerymen preparing to fire on Somali forces in the Ogaden, via wikimedia commons. The Ogaden War, or Ethio-Somali War, was a border conflict and military offensive of the Somalis against the Ethiopians for the control of the region of Ogaden. The latter were using Soviet-supplied communications equipment, and even if the USSR’s SIGINT specialists were unable to eavesdrop on and interpret SNA radio chatter, it is reasonable to infer that they could have provided traffic analysis for Petrov’s headquarters. Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. Excellent yet superficial piece on the Ethiopian and Somali proxy war. The Soviet Union supplied arms to both Ethiopia and Somalia, even during the Ogaden war. The Ethiopian government then raised a 100,000-strong militia force, and they trained with Warsaw Pact-supplied weapons, abandoning the use of the Empire's United States-supplied arsenal. The Ogaden War loomed, according to Paul Henze, the national security staffer responsible for Africa, as the Carter administration s "first foreign policy crisis"1 and provided a major test of the suitability and credibility of Carter s vision for American foreign policy. It also had catastrophic consequences which continue to destabilise the region as a whole. The war affected both countries--South Korea and North Korea--greatly. In July 1960 Somalia was granted independence with the unification of the former British and Italian colonial territories. This part of the Ethio- To the North lay the Ahmar Mountains, a significant obstacle for any mechanised force to cross. In 1958, Djibouti's Afar and European communities prevented the region's Somali community from voting on union with the soon-to-be-independent Somalia, instead voting to remain part of France until Djibouti was granted independence in 1977. Having crushed the Somalis and their Ogadeni proxies (albeit with generous aid from the USSR, Cuba, the PDRY and other Communist powers), the Ethiopian dictator decided that the best means of resolving remaining revolts against the Derginvolved brute force, rather than reconciliation. 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