High mountain passes, generally situated between 12,000 and 15,000 feet (3,600 to 4,600 metres) above sea level, are of great strategic importance and include the Shebar Pass, located northwest of Kabul where the Bābā Mountains branch out from the Hindu Kush, and the storied Khyber Pass, which leads to the Indian subcontinent, on the Pakistan border southeast of Kabul. The country has high levels of terrorism, poverty, child malnutrition, and corruption. [415] The country also has a national team in the sport of futsal, a 5-a-side variation of football. Under the rule of Shah Rukh the city served as the focal point of the Timurid Renaissance, whose glory matched Florence of the Italian Renaissance as the center of a cultural rebirth. Historical beginnings (to the 7th century, Civil war, mujahideen-Taliban phase (1992–2001), U.S.-led invasion and toppling of the Taliban, The Hamid Karzai presidency, NATO takeover, and Taliban resurgence, The Ashraf Ghani presidency, NATO withdrawal, and pursuit of peace, https://www.britannica.com/place/Afghanistan, Jewish Virtual Library - Afghanistan Virtual Jewish History Tour, Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - Afghanistan, National Public Radio - Photos From Afghanistan: Natural Beauty, Not War, Afghanistan - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Afghanistan - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). [387] It has been claimed that Afghanistan is among the biggest markets for the Hindi film industry. [329][330] About 125 kilometers (78 mi) of the line will lie on the Afghan side. Its biggest cities and towns include Kabul, Qandahar, Herāt and Jalālābād. [53] Mongol rule continued with the Ilkhanate in the northwest while the Khalji dynasty administered the Afghan tribal areas south of the Hindu Kush until the invasion of Timur (aka Tamerlane), who established the Timurid Empire in 1370. It is part of the Hindu Kush range of mountains. [174] The country is generally arid in the summers, with most rainfall falling between December and April. It was reported in 2006 that nearly 60% of the Afghan population lives within a two-hour walk of the nearest health facility. These include Air India, Emirates, Gulf Air, Iran Aseman Airlines, Pakistan International Airlines, and Turkish Airlines. By the middle of the 6th century BCE, the Achaemenids overthrew the Medes and incorporated Arachosia, Aria, and Bactria within its eastern boundaries. [170] The renowned Urdu poet Muhammad Allama Iqbal once wrote about the country:.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}. [210] Afghan Christians, who number 500–8,000, practice their faith secretly due to intense societal opposition, and there are no public churches. [263][264][265], On August 14, 2020, UN Human Rights Council experts issued a joint statement urging Afghanistan officials to prevent the killings of human rights defenders as there have been nine deaths of human rights defenders since January 2020. [303] As of 2016, Afghanistan produces 1,400 megawatts of power, but still imports the majority of electricity via transmission lines from Iran and the Central Asian states. [197] Millions have since returned and the war conditions has meant a high fertility rate compared to global and regional trends. Afghanistan is located in Central Asia with Iran to the west and Pakistan to the east. The modern Constitution of Afghanistan, however, states that the word "Afghan" shall apply to every citizen of Afghanistan.[29][5]. [256] In 2012, Afghanistan recorded 240 cases of honor killing, but the total number is believed to be much higher. There are a number of smaller regional languages, including Uzbek, Turkmen, Balochi, Pashayi, and Nuristani. Several Bollywood films have been shot inside Afghanistan, including Dharmatma, Khuda Gawah, Escape from Taliban, and Kabul Express. [56] Between the 16th and 18th century, the Uzbek Khanate of Bukhara, Iranian Safavids, and Indian Mughals ruled parts of the territory. Following 2002, nearly five million Afghans were repatriated. [194] About 23.9% of them are urbanite, 71.4% live in rural areas, and the remaining 4.7% are nomadic. The outstanding geographic feature of Afghanistan is its mountain range, the Hindu Kush. [86] Meanwhile, there was increasingly hostile friction between the competing factions of the PDPA – the dominant Khalq and the more moderate Parcham. Those who have lived in Pakistan and Iran over the last 30 years have been further influenced by the cultures of those neighboring nations. This formidable range creates the major pitch of Afghanistan from northeast to southwest and, along with its subsidiary ranges, divides Afghanistan into three distinct geographic regions, which roughly can be designated as the central highlands, the northern plains, and the southwestern plateau. This area is a part of the much larger Central Asian Steppe, from which it is separated by the Amu Darya. [297] The state-run Steel Authority of India won the mining rights to develop the huge Hajigak iron ore deposit in central Afghanistan. [7] The service sector contributed the most to the GDP (55.9%) followed by agriculture (23%) and industry (21.1%). 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