And for the oblique aspect, the plane surface has an orientation between polar and transverse aspects. Contour Lines - Terrain 1 Along the standard parallel lines in this map (45° N and 45°S), there is no scale distortion and therefore the ellipses would be circular. Click card to see definition . Very lately, Ponomarenko et al. Equal-area projections are preferred for small-scale thematic mapping, especially when map viewers are expected to compare sizes of area features like countries an… Historically cartographers have tried to address the challenge of representing the curved surface of the Earth on a map plane, and to this end have devised map projections. Scale factor of 2 indicates that the actual map scale is twice the nominal scale; if the nominal scale is 1:4million, then the map scale at the point would be (1:4million x 2) = 1:2million. The Robinson projection balances area and shape distortion. Terms & Conditions | Show more details Add to cart. released the TID2013 [11], which is up to now the largest image quality database consisting of totally 3000 distorted images. The polar aspect yields parallels of latitude as concentric circles around the center of the map, and meridians projecting as straight lines from this center. Figure 7: Examples of Keystone Distortion. About, Gall-Peters cylindrical equal-area projection Tissot's indicatrix, Mercator - conformal projection Tissot's indicatrix, Equirectangular (equidistant cylindrical) projection Tissot's indicatrix. Also in most projections there are one or more standard lines along which scale remains constant (true scale). It can also be produced in digital form for online use. Shape of an area can be distorted ex. geostac@gmail.com April 7, 2008: Map Projection Distortions. In conical or conic projections, the reference spherical surface is projected onto a cone placed over the globe. © Eric Gaba – Wikimedia Commons user: Sting. Mercator Projection. Map Projections Basic Principles. when talked about as a whole. Critics of the map – and similar projections – suggest that distortion reinforces a sense of colonialist superiority. Measure of scale distortion on map plane can also be quantified by the use of scale factor. Globes are not suitable for use at large scales, such as finding directions in a city or following a hiking route, where a more detailed image is essential. 1. A cylindrical projection is any projection in which the meridians are mapped to parallel spaced vertical lines and latitudes are mapped to horizontal lines. This thematic map type is appropriate for this presentation because it does not systematically distort area. http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/MapProjections/projections.html It is first accessed when reaching the Spear Pillar, the summit of Mt. http://www.btinternet.com/~se16/js/mapproj.htm, "Many ways to see the world": http://www.earthdaytv.net/ Go to "In The Classroom" channel, 4th page The shape of the Earth is represented as a sphere. http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/DistortionsInMapProjections/ Cylindrical projection - transverse and oblique aspect © USGS. The maps are not constrained to rectangles or discs. A scale factor of 1 indicates actual scale is equal to nominal scale, or no scale distortion at that point on the map. A scale factor of 0.99950 at a given location on the map indicates that 999.5 meters on the map represents 1000 meters on the reference globe. This article is a summary page for different variations of a glitches, etc. The ellipses are usually centered at the intersection of meridians and parallels. http://www.uff.br/mapprojections/mp_en.html Grades: 6 th, 7 th, 8 th, 9 th, 10 th, 11 th, 12 th. The properties of area, distance, and form are mutually exclusive. Map scale distortion of a secant cylindrical projection - SF = 1 along secant lines, Scale distortion on a secant surface to the globe. Datum Keep in mind that while some projections use a geometric process, in reality most projections use mathematical equations to transform the coordinates from a globe to a flat surface. Map Legend Symbols Directions are true from the center point (North Pole). The choice of a projection for a map depends on such factors as the purpose for which the map will be used, the area being mapped, and the map’s scale (distortion is more pronounced in small-scale mapping). This decision normally involves allowing for some type of distortion to occur in order to minimize or eliminate distortion for one or more other properties that are essential to the map's objective. Dot-density maps usually use dots to represent the volume or density of a certain factor like population. This would mean that features lying on the 20th parallel are equally distorted, features on the 40th parallel are equally distorted … Circular shapes of the same size indicate preservation of properties with no distortion occurring. As a result of this feature, angles drawn on this type of map are correct. The three types of developable surfaces are cylinder, cone and plane, and their corresponding projections are called cylindrical, conical and planar. Magnetic Declination. Geokov Map maker This indicates that any line joining north and south poles (meridian) is true to scale and therefore distances are accurate along these lines. Four Types of Map Distortion. Match. maps 256 feature maps 128 feature maps 128 feature maps 192 conv max pooling incption conv max pooling fc concat conv max pooling incption conv max pooling fc CNN-putput putput weight Hue Image Gray Image Test Image Saliency map F :Algorithmarchitecture. The map projections with the least distortion will have the smallest gaps when folded into a sphere, while map projections with a lot of di. It is a compromise projection; it does not eliminate any type of distortion, but it keeps the levels of all types of distortion relatively low over most of the map. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgErv6M19yY, http://kartoweb.itc.nl/geometrics/Map%20projections/mappro.html This map projection shows Greenland as the same size as Argentina, and not as the size of all of South America. The Robinson projection is unique. In stereographic projections, the perspective point is located on the surface of globe directly opposite from the point of tangency of the plane. Several famous subject-rated image qual-ity databases are LIVE [7], TID2008 [8], CSIQ [9], and IVC [10]. http://slvg.soe.ucsc.edu/map.html The plane in planar projections may be tangent to the globe at a single point or may be secant. Another major concern that drives the choice of a projection is the compatibility of data sets (geographic information). Now dot-density maps are also another type of thematic maps. In orthographic projections, the point of perspective is at infinite distance on the opposite direction from the point of tangency. Points close to center point show great distortion on the map. The same applies to other reference surfaces used as models for the Earth, such as oblate spheroids, ellipsoids and geoids.Since any map projection is a representation of one of those surfaces on a plane, all map projections distort. Similarly constant local scale is maintained in every direction around a point. The aspect of the map projection refers to the orientation of the developable surface relative to the reference globe. Some images used in this set are licensed under the Creative Commons through Flickr.com.Click to see the original works with their full license. These are lines of equidistance. Wish List. A… Types of Map Projections Cylindrical . From Glitch City Wiki. This type of map is also known as “reference map” and is either printed on a physical medium or paper. Distances measured along these lines are proportional to the same distance measurement on the curved reference surface. It is impossible to flatten any spherical surface (e.g. This can be alternatively stated as ratio of distance on the map to the corresponding distance on the reference globe. However, this line may not represent the shortest distance between these points. The cone is cut lengthwise and unwrapped to form a flat map. Carl Friedrich Gauss's Theorema Egregium proved that a sphere's surface cannot be represented on a plane without distortion. Stereographic projection is a conformal projection, that is over small areas angles and therefore shapes are preserved. In transverse aspect of conical projections, the axis of the cone is along a line through the equatorial plane (perpendicular to Earth’s polar axis). Jump to navigation Jump to search. No … Throughout the globe this scale is constant. Angular distortion occurs if the ratio of the scale factors in the principal directions at a point is not unity. All projections cause distortions in varying degrees; there is no one perfect projection preserving all of the above properties, rather each projection is a compromise best suited for a particular purpose. The ellipses show how imaginary circles on the globe are deformed because of a particular projection. 3 Experimental results http://www.csiss.org/map-projections/, USGS Decision Support System: http://mcmcweb.er.usgs.gov/DSS/ In contrast, KADIS-700k [18] contains 140,000pristine images and distorted images were derived using 25different distortion types at 5 intensity levels but MOS values are not given in this database. Distances to and from the center of an Azimuthal Equidistant map are shown correctly, but distances between any other two points are distorted. And the oblique aspect refers to the cylinder being centered along a great circle between the equator and the meridians with its orientation at an angle greater than 0 and less than 90 degrees relative to the Earth’s axis. Different projections are developed for different purposes. So what a cartogram does is that it takes some statistical data and then combines it with the given area by distorting it to reflect the data. Basic types of map projection. Disadvantages for maps depicting the entire world with regards to either shape, distance, relative size, and direction. Topo Map Slope Mercator maps are used in navigation because a line drawn between two points of the Earth has true direction. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/topics/MapProjections.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AI36MWAH54s&feature=related This scale can be measured as the ratio of distance on the globe to the corresponding distance on the Earth. Elevation Profile They are used in thematic mapping. http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/WorldMapProjections/ Equidistant projections are neither conformal nor equal-area, but rather a compromise between them. Many types of distortion employ clipping behaviour, but when we talk about clipping in music production, we’re usually referring to basic hard and soft clipping. Polyhedral maps can be folded up into a polyhedral approximation to the sphere, using particular projection to map each face with low distortion. The polar aspect is the normal aspect of the conic projection. km) on the globe represents 250000 units on Earth. The Mercator projection, for example, distorts Greenland because of its high latitude, in the sense that its shape and size are not the same as those on a globe. In cartography, a distortion is the misrepresentation of the area or shape of a feature. The circumference of the earth is about 1/300th smaller around the poles. They can be visualized as projection of points on the sphere to the plane by shining rays of light from a light source (or point of perspective). Their shape represents the distortion of an imaginary circle on the spherical surface after being projected on the map plane. Secant projections lead to less overall map distortion. We have many different map projections because each has different patterns of distortion—there is more than one way to flatten an orange peel. Contour Lines - Terrain 2 There are no map projections that can maintain a perfect scale throughout the entire projection because they are taking a sphereoid and forcing it onto a flat surface. UTM The developable surface serves as a good illustrative analogy of the process of flattening out a spherical object onto a plane. The size, shape and orientation of the ellipses are changed as the result of projection. Where the piece of paper touches the globe there is no distortion on the map; it is an exact reflection of the globe. )goode projection cuts Antarctica, scientific method of transferring locations on earths surface to a flat map, maintains the shape of landmasses but greatly distorts the water, it argues that the mercator artificially amplifies the size of landmasses to make the nations appear greater. When in the Distortion World, Giratina will be in its t… Cylindrical map projections are rectangles, but are called cylindrical because they can be rolled up and their edges mapped in a tube, or cylinder. For the polar or normal aspect, the cone is tangent along a parallel of latitude or is secant at two parallels. Pseudoconic projection is one of the oldest map types and although they were used by Ptolemy, they are seldom seen today. However while there are changes in the ellipses, their north-south axis has remained equal in length. The normal polar aspect yields parallels as concentric circles, and meridians projecting as straight lines from the center of the map. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2LcyMemJ3dE&feature=related On a secant surface to the reference globe, there is no distortion along the standard lines (lines of intersection) where SF = 1. lines of latitude are called parallels. Oblique aspect has an orientation between transverse and polar aspects. They are also used in atlases and thematic mapping. Meridians and parallels are perpendicular to each other. Equal area map projections (also known as equivalent or authalic projection) represent areas correctly on the map. Distance between points may become increased or decreased ex. types of map projections and to observe the distortions associated with each one, and (b) an interactive tool in the form of a floating ring for 2D overlayed information, and a floating cone for 3D overlayed information to highlight the nature and magnitude of distortions present in different map projections. For example in choosing the Mercator projection, a popular conformal distortion, Greenland appears much larger than it really is because areas are exaggerated towards the poles. )lambert projection shows to the equator. Map Scale The plane is tangent to North or South Pole at a single point or is secant along a parallel of latitude (standard parallel). Preservation of angles makes conformal map projections suitable for navigation charts, weather maps, topographic mapping, and large scale surveying. The distortion is minimal around the point of tangency in the tangent case, and close to the standard parallel in the secant case. Type by surface: Type by preserved property: Suitable for general world maps: Latitude shown with minimal distortion: Winkel Tripel: modified azimuthal: compromise: yes: polar regions: Eckert IV: pseudocylindrical: equal-area: yes (for density or thematic) equator: Miller cylindrical: cylindrical: compromise: yes: equator: Gall stereographic: cylindrical: compromise: yes: equator: Robinson It is also modeled more accurately as an oblate spheroid or an ellipsoid. Azimuthal Projection. Secant case provides a more even distribution of distortion throughout the map. A straight line drawn on the Mercator map represents an accurate compass bearing. Maps do not suffer from the above shortcomings and are more practical than globes in most applications. Three projections, namely gnomonic, stereographic and orthographic can be defined based on the location of the perspective point or the light source. After Cyrus is taken away by Giratina, the player must follow it and navigate the area with the help of Mesprit, Azelf, Uxie, and Cynthia. Equidistant projections are used in air and sea navigation charts, as well as radio and seismic mapping. Transverse and oblique aspects are seldom used. In the secant case the plane intersects the globe along a small circle forming a standard parallel which has true scale. A type of projection can be suitable for a purpose but not for others. The shapes of the Tissot’s ellipses in this world map Gall-Peters cylindrical equal-area projection are distorted; however each of them occupies the same amount of area. As a result of preserving angles and shapes, area or size of features are distorted in these maps. The tangent line is the equator for the equatorial or normal aspect; while in the transverse aspect, the cylinder is tangent along a chosen meridian (i.e. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_map_projections Map projections without distortions would represent the correct distance, direction, shapes, and areas on a map. Maps - Map Projections and Introduction Activity. Some classic azimuthal projections are perspective projections and can be produced geometrically. Planar (azimuthal) projection - tangent and secant © USGS. As mentioned above, there is no distortion along standard lines as evident in following figures. http://www.quadibloc.com/maps/mapint.htm Some projections do not preserve any of the properties of the reference surface of the Earth; however they try to balance out distortions in area, shape, distant, and direction (thus the name compromise), so that no property is grossly distorted throughout the map and the overall view is improved. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_XQfRYfxPig&feature=related The so-called ‘flat-Earth map’ is claimed to be distortion-free, and some flat-Earthers take that as proof of its correctness. Knowledge of these different advantages and disadvantages for a particular map projection will often help in which map to choose for a … Although for many mapping applications the earth can be assumed to be a perfect sphere, there is a difference between the distance around the earth between the poles versus the equator. The concept of distortion describes how a lens maps a shape on the object plane to the image plane while assuming other aberrations are negligible. Cylindrical projection - tangent and secant equatorial aspect © USGS. The effects are similar to those caused by map distortion glitch items. The cone may be either tangent to the reference surface along a small circle (any circle on the globe with a diameter less than the sphere’s diameter) or it may cut through the globe and be secant (intersect) at two small circles. Sometimes, two map projections might look so similar that it’s hard to tell the difference. In the secant case, the cylinder intersects the globe; that is the diameter of the cylinder is smaller than the globe’s. In normal aspect of cylindrical projection, the secant or standard lines are along two parallels of latitude equally spaced from equator, and are called standard parallels. Great circles are the shortest distance between two points on the surface of the sphere (known as great circle route). A map derived from a secant projection surface has less overall distortion than a map from a tangent surface. http://www.progonos.com/furuti/MapProj/Normal/TOC/cartTOC.html Scale is true (scale factor = 1) and there is no distortion along standard parallels. 38 SHAPE OF AREA 39. Some projections minimize distortion or preserve some properties at the expense of increasing distortion of others. Some examples are Albers Equal-Area Conic, Cylindrical Equal Area, Sinusoidal Equal Area, and Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area projections. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1xXTi1nFCo Polar . As stated above spherical bodies such as globes can represent size, shape, distance and directions of the Earth features with reasonable accuracy. Mercator - conformal projection Tissot's indicatrix According to Tissot, the principal directions are a pair of perpendicular directions on the sphere that are retained as perpendicular on the projection. But this is not the case as the Earth is a sphere. https://courseware.e-education.psu.edu/projection/index.html, Site Map | A feature that has made Mercator projection especially suited for nautical maps and navigation is the representation of rhumb line or loxodrome (line that crosses meridians at the same angle) as a straight line on the map. In planar (also known as azimuthal or zenithal) projections, the reference spherical surface is projected onto a plane. http://www.radicalcartography.net/index.html?projectionref For example, it may be constant along any given parallel. A common method of classification of map projections is according to distortion characteristics - identifying properties that are preserved or distorted by a projection. True-direction projections are used in applications where maintaining directional relationships are important, such as aeronautical and sea navigation charts. This variation of scale can be visualized by Tissot's indicatrix explained in detail below. There are four main types of distortion that come from map projections: distance, direction, shape and area. Such lines of true scale are called standard lines. Robinson projection © Eric Gaba – Wikimedia Commons user: geographic coordinates (latitude, longitude), http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/MapProjections/projections.html, http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=List_of_supported_map_projections, http://www.radicalcartography.net/index.html?projectionref, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_map_projections, http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/mapproj/mapproj_f.html, http://mathworld.wolfram.com/topics/MapProjections.html, http://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/gprojector/, http://www.uff.br/mapprojections/mp_en.html, http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/WorldMapProjections/, http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/DistortionsInMapProjections/, http://www.btinternet.com/~se16/js/mapproj.htm, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2LcyMemJ3dE&feature=related, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e2jHvu1sKiI&feature=rec-LGOUT-exp_fresh+div-1r-3-HM, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_XQfRYfxPig&feature=related, http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=EPbQQNrBIgo, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AI36MWAH54s&feature=related, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1xXTi1nFCo, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgErv6M19yY, http://kartoweb.itc.nl/geometrics/Map%20projections/mappro.html, http://www.progonos.com/furuti/MapProj/Normal/TOC/cartTOC.html, Map Projections - A Working Manual (USGS PP 1395, John P. Snyder, 1987), http://www.ec-gis.org/sdi/publist/pdfs/annoni-etal2003eur.pdf, https://courseware.e-education.psu.edu/projection/index.html. The basic problem inherent in any type of map projection is that it will result in some distortion of the ‘ground truth’ of the area being mapped. The actual scale at a point on map can be obtained by multiplying the nominal map scale by the scale factor. Landforms in Google Earth Knowledge of these different advantages and disadvantages for a particular map projection will often help in which map to choose for a particular project. On a tangent surface to the reference globe, there is no scale distortion at the point (or along the line) of tangency and therefore scale factor is 1. In this world map equidistant cylindrical projection (also known as plate carrée), Tissot’s ellipses are distorted in size and shape. The graticule layout is affected by the choice of the aspect. In addition to the previous distortion types mentioned, which are inherent to the optical design of a lens, improper system alignment can also result in keystone distortion, which is a manifestation of parallax (shown in Figure 7a and 7b). An equal-area map projection that is an ellipse. The best way to describe how a map projection works is by imagining a piece of paper (the map) being laid over the Earth (or a globe) to obtain the latitude and longitude lines for the map. The Robinson projection is a good example of a map projection that balances area and shape distortion and is seen as a good compromise, being adopted by the National Geographic Society for general purpose word maps. Between the secant lines where the surface is inside the globe, features appear smaller than in reality and scale factor is less than 1. Plate carrée is a case of equirectangular projection with Equator being a standard parallel. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e2jHvu1sKiI&feature=rec-LGOUT-exp_fresh+div-1r-3-HM On a curved surface, measuring terrain properties is difficult, and it is not possible to see large portions of the Earth at once. © Eric Gaba – Wikimedia Commons user: Sting. Types of map projections by preserved property (area, shape, direction, distance) Projections are a trade between distortion, accuracy, and aesthetics. When a projection preserves distance, we call it equidistant. http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=EPbQQNrBIgo http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=List_of_supported_map_projections Therefore the distortion increases towards the poles. Similarly if a projection is centered on a point, distances to every other point from the center point remain accurate. they are lines that go from pole to pole but they measure distances east to west of the prime meridian. Projection types are defined by how they compromise on accuracy to show the whole world's surface on a flat map. Privacy | In transverse aspect of planar projections, the plane is oriented perpendicular to the equatorial plane. Features appear smaller between secant parallels and appear larger outside these parallels. In transverse aspect, the two standard lines run north-south parallel to meridians. Meridians and parallels intersect at right angles. The resulting map plane in most instances can be rolled around the globe in the form of cylinder, cone or placed to the side of the globe in the case of the plane. central meridian). http://www.geometrie.tuwien.ac.at/karto/ The gnomonic map projection in the image is centered on the North Pole with meridians radiating out as straight lines. an orange peel) onto a flat surface without some stretching, tearing, or shearing. http://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/gprojector/ thematic, dot, cartogram, etc. In normal or equatorial aspect, the cylinder is oriented (lengthwise) parallel to the Earth’s polar axis with its center located along the equator (tangent or secant). Geokov Education As an example, the actual scale at a given point on map with scale factor of 0.99860 at the point and nominal map scale of 1:50000 is equal to (1:50000 x 0.99860) = (0.99860 / 50000) = 1:50070 (which is a smaller scale than the nominal map scale). Each indicatrix (ellipse) represents the distortion at the point it is centered on. Even on a conformal map, shapes are a bit distorted for very large areas, like continents. The cylinder may be either tangent or secant to the reference surface of the Earth. In equidistant map projections, accurate distances (constant scale) are maintained only between one or two points to every other point on the map. it measures highest to 90 degrees at the north pole or 90 degrees at the south pole, lines of longitude are called meridians. There is great distortion towards the borders of the map. Contact Us | Robinson projection © Eric Gaba – Wikimedia Commons user: Sting. Some map projections maintain areas, while others preserve local shapes, distances, and directions. Measurement on the projection, tearing, or no scale distortion case, and large scale.! Route ) also referred to as polar azimuthal projections are perspective projections and can be obtained multiplying! 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Friedrich Gauss 's Theorema Egregium proved that a sphere 's surface can not be represented on a medium..., as well as radio and seismic mapping Egregium proved that a sphere area or of... Maps, topographic mapping, and azimuthal equidistant projections standard parallel with regards to either shape, distance shape... The choice depends on: the location of the map to the same any... Or size of features causes distortion in their shapes, which are known great... A physical medium or paper of a projection is the misrepresentation of the ellipses, their north-south axis has equal... Browse a bunch of nice projection images are maps that have been designed to show the physical or landscape. 'S indicatrices, angles drawn on this type of map projections is by the type of ellipse. To create visually appealing maps of the dots shows one single recording of a,! Even distribution of distortion throughout the map intensity levels ( 10,125=81×25×5 ) standard! ) of tangency in the secant case provides a more Even distribution of distortion throughout map. Maps are used in navigation because a line drawn on the Earth by a projection preserves distance,,... Ellipses are usually centered at the North pole or 90 degrees at the point is. Along these lines ( scale factor dont ’ t want to compare the distortions which are known as zenithal true-direction... “ reference map ” and is either printed on a flat map two!

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