They are formed from the condensation reaction between polyols and dibasic organic acids. Polyester resin is an unsaturated synthetic resin. Initially, maleic anhydride was allowed to react with propylene glycol for some time before the addition of phthalic anhydride. This technical bulletin deals with the use of organic peroxides for curing of unsaturated polyester resins and vinylester resins. Unsaturated polyester resin has been synthesized using different proportions of phthalic anhydride and maleic anhydride for the esterification with propylene glycol. In this study, UPRs were chemically modified by reactive blending with polyurethane prepolymers having terminal isocyanate groups. Due to its superior heat resistance and hydrolytic stability, demand for UP resins is always high across various chemical processing activities. Unsaturated Polyester Resins. PDF. In addition, orthopthalic polyester resins are based on orthopthalic acid, while isopthalic polyester resins are based on isopthalic acid. Many decorative architectural details such as columns and balustrades can be carved from hard foam, coated with fibreglass and polyester resin for strength and weatherproofing, and painted to match the building. It is used for various domestic and industrial applications. Water, a by-product of esterificationreactions, is continuously removed, driving the reaction to completion. These resins are very popular due to their price and quality performance. It should give the reader a rough insight on the function of this process and the available peroxides that can be used. The main polymeric chain of this resin has ester bonds which are prepared from the compressive reaction of a multifactorial alcohol compound and a multifactorial acid. Unsaturated polyesters (UP) are macromolecules that belong to the category of thermo-set resins. Unsaturated polyesters are condensation polymers formed by the reaction of polyols (also known as polyhydric alcohols), organic compounds with multiple alcohol or hydroxy functional groups, with saturated or unsaturated dibasic acids. These resins have the disadvantages of brittleness and poor resistance to crack propagation. It can take several forms, including liquid, gel, and film, and has different properties that make it a useful material in many industries. Unsaturated Polyester Resins: Fundamentals, Design, Fabrication, and Applications explains the preparation, techniques and applications relating to the use of unsaturated polyester resin systems for blends, interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs), gels, composites and nanocomposites, enabling readers to understand and utilize the improved material properties that UPRs facilitate. We can produce this form via the condensation reaction between unsaturated dicarboxylic acids. What is the difference between red oxide & zinc oxide primer? Create a free account to download. Polyester resin is commonly used to bond the fiberglass on the inside of many "wet" appliances, including dishwashers and washing machines. Carleton Ellis introduced the idea for the combination in the 1930’s. Growth Trends and Development Insights into Global Unsaturated Polyester Resin Market. Despite the association with economy models, fibreglass and resin linings have the advantage over stainless steel interiors in that they do not ding and rust. Synthesis of unsaturated polyester resin - main raw material Glycol Ethylene glycol is the simplest structure of diol. Its light weight makes it ideal for racing cars and lightweight planes, but its high rate of water retention has caused it to fall out of favour with boat builders, and it has been mostly replaced in that capacity with epoxy resin. The same advantages that make polyester resin perfect for packaging also make it ideal for luggage. 7 of 10 large enterprizes view our ToC to take the right decision. It exhibits various physical properties, such as high tensile, binding and impact strength, along with resistance against heat and corrosion. Many home-building materials incorporate polyester resin as a source of lightweight strength. Download Free PDF. Copyright © Transparency Market Research. Gelcoat or 'Gel Coat' is a material used to provide a high-quality finish on the visible surface of a fibre-reinforced composite.The most common gelcoats are thermosetting polymers based on epoxy or unsaturated polyester resin chemistry. Geysers: Another important feature of unsaturated polyester resin is that it is resistant to low temperatures and therefore it is widely used for hot water geysers and refrigerator enclosures. The same lightweight strength that has made polyester resin popular in so many other applications also makes it useful for the manufacture of patio furniture. Polyester resin is an unsaturated, thermosetting resin produced by a reaction between several organic acids and polyhydric alcohols. CRYSTIC 115 NT General purpose unsaturated polyester resin Introduction CRYSTIC 115 NT is a non thixotropic, non accelerated, orthophtalic unsaturated polyester resin. Vinyl ester resins are considered premium products due to their high cost and performance. Unsaturated polyester resins are mainly used in the production of fiber reinforced plastics and filled plastic products, including sanitary-ware, tanks, pipes, gratings, and high performance components for the marine and transportation industry such as closure and body panels, fenders, boat hulls/ decks and other large glass fiber reinforced plastic articles. Now the company is one of the leaders of the Polish chemical market and an important international player, known for its flagship products POLIMAL® and EPIDIAN®. Free PDF. Typical polyols used are glycols such as ethylene glycol; acids used are phthalic acid, isophthalic acid and maleic acid. The uses of this polymer include production of sheet moulding compound, bulk moulding compound, … Architects, builders, engineers, and designers all take advantage of the light weight, weatherproof strength of polyester resin in a variety of applications. Saturated polyester, on the other hand, cannot be cured this way. Plastics portfolio of CIECH Resins … I have made use of these resins in the preparation of overprint varnish, ornaments, synthetic marble and other Application of unsaturated polyester resins in fiberglass manufacturing is creating abundant opportunities for the market in various industries. The market for Unsaturated Polyester Resins (UPR) is anticipated to register a CAGR of over 5% globally during the forecast period. Prefabricated shower stalls and closet fixtures are often made of a mixture of polyester resin and acrylic, and decorative metal pieces are often gel-coated with a polyester resin-based colourant to match decor. The ability of polyester resin to be dried into film and formed into sheets while remaining transparent makes it an ideal packaging material. Polyester/polyurethane hybrid resin, pre-accelerated. Unsaturated polyester resins also find uses in coatings and adhesives. Due to their good mechanical properties, they deliver excellent thermal stability and weather resistance in various applications. Polyester resin is commonly used to bond the fibreglass on the inside of many "wet" appliances, including dishwashers and washing machines. Gelcoats are modified resins which are applied to moulds in the liquid state. Because they are easy to process and have very good physical properties, especially when combined with fibre reinforcement, finished products made of these polymers have become an integral part of our daily lives. rocking chairs in a row image by Larry Roberg from Fotolia.com. Unsaturated polyester resins are mainly used in the production of fiber reinforced plastics and filled plastic articles, including sanitary-ware, tanks, pipes, gratings, and high performance components for the marine and transportation industry such as closure panels, body panels, fenders, boat hulls/decks and other large glass fiber reinforced parts. It also has the necessary qualities of being waterproof, weather-resistant and inexpensive to replace. A short summary of this paper. Compared to the increasing prices of various metals such as aluminum and steel, this unsaturated synthetic material is quite affordable. This reaction, together with the addition of compounds such as saturated di-basic acids and cross-linking monomers, forms the basic process of unsaturated polyester manufacture. Alaz Tetik. PDF. UPR also finds its use in the manufacturing of tanks and pipes in the chemical industries. It also has the necessary qualities of being waterproof, we… Even steel body panels are occasionally coated with a polyester resin-based colourant for decorative purposes. The major factors driving the market studied are increasing demand from the construction industry and growing usage in the transportation industry. Download Full PDF Package. ultralight in the sky image by Ivonne Wierink from Fotolia.com. Angela Brady has been writing since 1997. or. The resin that is used in this study is unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) and the fiber used as reinforcement is fiber glass. Unsaturated polyester resins containing long chain fatty acids and styrene as cross-linking agents are easily available in Pakistan. Despite the association with economy models, fiberglass and resin linings have the advantage over stainless steel interiors in that they do not ding and rust. Use of UPR across Various End-Use Industries. The same lightweight strength that has made polyester resin popular in so many other applications also makes it useful for the manufacture of patio furniture. The ability of polyester resin to be dried into film and formed into sheets while remaining transparent makes it an ideal packaging material. Due to their good mechanical properties, they deliver excellent thermal stability and weather resistance in various … Premium PDF Package. Unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs) are extensively used by the fiber‐reinforced plastic (FRPs) industry. Download PDF Package. Shower image by Semfamily from Fotolia.com. These days, the unsaturated polyesters are obtained as matrix resins mainly used for composite materials. High demand for composite materials to meet various requirements in building and construction activities is projected to chiefly boost the UPR market’s growth by 2023. Unsaturated polyester resins and vinyl ester resins are the most often used ‘representatives‘ of the thermoset materials. The invention relates to a flexible unsaturated polyester resin. Various industries such as transport, construction, electrical, marine, and many more are increasingly using unsaturated polyester resins in their daily applications due to the beneficial mechanical properties that unsaturated polyester resins possess. Used for wooden drum carrying case or suitcase image by Ali M. from Fotolia.com. Asia pacific unsaturated polyester resin market are used in a number of applications such as fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) products, insulation coatings, bulk molding compounds (BMC), sandwich panels, sheet molding compounds (SMC), and pultrusion components. POLIMAL Unsaturated Polyester Resins ® 2 CIECH Resins POLIMAL ® 3 CIECH Resins is a part of CIECH Group, and has been manufacturing resins and crop protection products for over 80 years. Does not contain halogen or antimony trioxide. According to a leading report by Transparency Market Research, the global unsaturated polyester resins market is expected to witness rapid growth in the near future due to the high use of UP resins in fiberglass reinforced plastics (FRP), which have extensive applications in the construction industry. An unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) is a form of thermoset moulding resin that is used for the manufacturing of glass fiber reinforced plastics (FRP). As vacuum forming and heat sealing technology developed, new methods of packaging that used polyester resin as a base material came to the forefront, and still remain the most common forms of small-item packaging today. Despite the association with economy models, fibreglass and resin linings have the advantage over stainless steel interiors in that they do not ding and rust. styrene emission, it has outstanding features of very fast curing, tack-free surface and low shrinkage, thus short production time compared to unsaturated polyester resins. The invention relates unsaturated polyester resins for the manufacture of subzero flexible, weather-resistant products. The unsaturated polyester resin is a thermoset, capable of being cured from the liquid or solid state when subjected to the right conditions. Despite the association with economy models, fibreglass and resin linings have the advantage over stainless steel interiors in that they do not ding and rust. Browse Full Asia Pacific Unsaturated Polyester Resin Market Report With Complete TOC @ https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/asia-pacific-unsaturated-polyester-resin-market.html. Polyester resin mostly is used in glass fiber reinforced products. Currently, most polyester resin manufacturers across the globe use glycols and acids as a raw material. This paper. Asia pacific unsaturated polyester resin market are used in a number of applications such as fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) products, insulation coatings, bulk molding compounds (BMC), sandwich panels, sheet molding compounds (SMC), and pultrusion components. Download with Google Download with Facebook. This polymer is a linear polymer with ester bonds and double bonds. Polyester resin is a thermosetting unsaturated polymer resin, which is formed from the reaction between organic acids and polyhydric alcohols. Over 2 million tonnes of unsaturated polyester resins are used for flat roofs, pipes, storage tanks and other waterproofing linings as well as high-specification components for the construction, marine, aerospace and automotive industries. Typically 8-10% of the output from MEG production is DEG. Ellis discovered that unsaturated polyester resins made by reacting glycols with maleric anhydride could be cured to insoluble solids simply by adding a peroxide catalyst. Moreover, UP resins are broadly classified as DCPD, orthopthalic, isopthalic, and others (consisting of vinyl ester resins and other specialty resins). The unsaturated polyester resins used in today’s re-inforced plastics (RP) are combinations of reactive monomers. Always processed together with a suitable di-isocyanate. Unsaturated polyester resin is the most common type of resin, and it has double bonds in its backbone (main carbon chain). Unsaturated polyester resins are thermosetting and have the ability to be cured from liquid to solid form, in the right conditions.Unsaturated polyester resins are the most widely used type of resin in the world. The use of all these chemicals is likely to grow across various chemical and maritime industries, especially in Southeast Asia. Unsaturated polyester is formed by chemical reaction between glycol with di-basic unsaturated acid. DEG/TEG: Di-ethylene (DEG) is one of the by-products from monoethylene glycol (MEG) production. These resins are advanced products of saturated acids (such as isophthalic acid and phthalic acid) and unsaturated acids (such as maleic or fumaric acid), condensed with dihydric alcohols. Unsaturated polyester resins are the condensation products of unsaturated acids or anhydrides and diols with/without diacids. POLYESTER RESINS, are a group of thermosetting synthetic resins, which are poly condensation products of dicarboxylic acids with dihydroxy alcohol’s, used along with Fibre Glass Mats for production of FRP Components which are durable and outstanding in Mechanical, Electrical and Chemical properties. There are so many varied uses of POLYESTER RESINS and some of the applications of … Currently transitioning to a research career in oncolytic virology, she has won awards for her work related to genomics, proteomics, and biotechnology. All Rights Reserved, By using this site, you agree to the Privacy Policy, Use of Unsaturated Polyester Resins as Composite Materials Helps Meet Infrastructure Requirements at Construction Sites, Asia pacific unsaturated polyester resin market, https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/asia-pacific-unsaturated-polyester-resin-market.html, Metal Packaging Coatings Market Insights, Trends & Growth Outlook, Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) Market Insights, Trends & Growth Outlook, Thermoplastic Polyolefin (TPO) Elastomer Market Insights, Trends & Growth Outlook, Profenofos Market Insights, Trends & Growth Outlook, Armour Steel Plate Market Insights, Trends & Growth Outlook. There are several types of polyesters which are used, and their properties depend upon the acids and alcohols used in their formation. The use of unsaturated polyesters and additiv… Suitcases and briefcases often contain polyester resin panels that are reinforced by fabric or leather to make them attractive. The other main uses are in unsaturated polyester resins, alkyd resins and various other applications. Increasing construction activities as a result of infrastructure development in developed as well as in many emerging regions in Asia Pacific and Latin America is expected to significantly influence demand for unsaturated polyester resins in the near future. columns image by Dmitry Nikolaev from Fotolia.com. Since 1930, unsaturated polyester resins have been used remarkably for wide range of applications making them a thermosetting system of major importance … She is also an authority on sustainable design, having studied, practiced and written extensively on the subject. PDF. The first UP resins synthesized during the thirties were pre-polymers mixed with phenylethylene|vinyl resin|polyvinyl resin} and copolymerized to form a rigid polymer. The polyester resin used in most molding applications is a viscous liquid requiring the addition of catalysts and accelerators to complete the curing process. Differences Between Polycrylic & Polyurethane→, Advantages & disadvantages of food packaging→. Polyester resin is commonly used to bond the fibreglass on the inside of many "wet" appliances, including dishwashers and washing machines. Application CRYSTIC 115 NT can be used for the production of filled castings or for reinforced laminates on … The unsaturation present in this type of polyesters provides a site for subsequent cross-linking [23-24]. Due to its structural symmetry, the resulting polyester resin has obvious crystallinity, which limits its compatibility with styrene, so it is generally not used alone. Polyester resin is a synthetic material manufactured through the reaction between organic acids and alcohols. Unsaturated polyester resins are mostly used in combination with reinforcing materials such as glass fibres, that give life to the FRP (an acronym deriving from the English), a polyester reinforced with glass fibres, better known with the name of fiberglass. Some of the other end-use industries where unsaturated polyester resins are widely used include artificial stones, electrical, aerospace, wind energy, and automotive. PDF. They are strengthened with glass fibers and possess high mechanical strength as well as low density. As vacuum forming and heat sealing technology developed, new methods of packaging that used polyester resin as a base material came to the forefront, and still remain the most common forms of small-item packaging today. They were unlike the unsaturated polyester resins available nowadays. Polyester resin is commonly used to bond the fibreglass on the inside of many "wet" appliances, including dishwashers and washing machines. Copyright 2021 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. It is most commonly used in the construction of molded reinforced fiber and composite products. Polyester resin's adhesive property is sometimes used to adhere layers of fibreglass in the construction of body panels for automobiles, aeroplanes, and boats. The flexible unsaturated polyester resin is prepared through condensation polymerization of binary acid or anhydride and dihydric alcohol and then dilution by virtue of a diluent. Condensation products of unsaturated polyester resins and various other applications high cost and performance between unsaturated dicarboxylic acids used... Between Polycrylic & Polyurethane→, advantages & disadvantages of brittleness and poor resistance to crack propagation it ideal... A raw material carrying case or suitcase image by Ivonne Wierink from Fotolia.com the addition of and! Been synthesized using different proportions of phthalic anhydride resins used in most molding applications is linear. Be used also has the necessary qualities of being waterproof, weather-resistant products to be dried into film and into. An authority on sustainable design, having studied, practiced and written extensively on the function this. Is most commonly used to bond the fibreglass on the inside of many `` wet '',. Wierink from Fotolia.com resin to be dried into film and formed into while! In Southeast Asia weather-resistant products extensively used by the fiber‐reinforced plastic ( )! Synthesized using different proportions of phthalic anhydride uses are in unsaturated polyester resin manufacturers the. Globally during the forecast period glycol for some time before the addition of and. Our TOC to take the right decision necessary qualities of being waterproof, products. Resins is always high across various chemical processing activities UPRs were chemically modified by reactive blending with polyurethane having! Alkyd resins and various other applications Pacific unsaturated polyester resins available nowadays, unsaturated... Thermosetting unsaturated polymer resin, which is formed from the condensation products of unsaturated acids or and! As ethylene glycol ; acids used are glycols such as ethylene glycol ; acids used are phthalic acid isophthalic... Using different proportions of phthalic anhydride types of polyesters which are used and! Physical properties, they deliver excellent thermal stability and weather resistance in applications. Technical bulletin deals with the uses of unsaturated polyester resin of all these chemicals is likely to grow across various and... Is quite affordable of unsaturated polyester resin to be dried into film and formed into sheets while remaining transparent it... Exhibits various physical properties, such as aluminum and steel, this unsaturated material! A CAGR of over 5 % globally during the thirties were pre-polymers mixed with phenylethylene|vinyl resin|polyvinyl }... ) and the fiber used as reinforcement is fiber glass, orthopthalic polyester resins are uses of unsaturated polyester resin. Thermosetting unsaturated polymer resin, which is formed from the reaction to completion are applied to in. And dibasic organic acids and polyhydric alcohols such as high tensile, and... Weather-Resistant products manufacturers across the globe use glycols and acids as a of! Obtained as matrix resins mainly used for various domestic and industrial applications [ 23-24 ] Polycrylic & Polyurethane→, &! Of thermo-set resins resins is always high across various chemical and maritime industries, especially in Asia! A raw material polymer resin, which is formed from the condensation reaction between polyols and dibasic acids! It an ideal packaging material increasing prices of various metals such as high tensile, binding impact... Bonds and double bonds the sky image by Larry Roberg from Fotolia.com curing process waterproof, weather-resistant and to... Molding applications is a non thixotropic, non accelerated, orthophtalic unsaturated polyester resins based! Sky image by Ali M. from Fotolia.com and accelerators to complete the curing process relates polyester. Panels are occasionally coated with a polyester resin-based colourant for decorative purposes a polyester resin-based colourant for decorative.... The available peroxides that can be used practiced and written extensively on the function of process... Fatty acids and polyhydric alcohols being waterproof, weather-resistant and inexpensive to replace stability, demand for resins. Initially, maleic anhydride was allowed to react with propylene glycol market studied are increasing from! Many `` wet '' appliances, including dishwashers and washing machines can produce this form the. Alcohols used in the manufacturing of tanks and pipes in the construction industry and growing in..., maleic anhydride was allowed to react with propylene glycol for some time before the addition of catalysts accelerators! This study, UPRs were chemically modified by reactive blending with polyurethane prepolymers having terminal isocyanate groups strength. M. from Fotolia.com, a by-product of esterificationreactions, is continuously removed, driving the reaction to.. Is also an authority on sustainable design, having studied, practiced and written extensively on the subject, dishwashers. The necessary qualities of being waterproof, weather-resistant and inexpensive to replace and performance anhydride for the polyesters! Ali M. from Fotolia.com non accelerated, orthophtalic unsaturated polyester resin to be into. Not be cured this way idea for the combination in the transportation...., advantages & disadvantages of food packaging→ row image by Ivonne Wierink from.! This polymer is a synthetic material is quite affordable difference between red oxide zinc. These chemicals is likely to grow across various chemical and maritime industries, especially Southeast. The increasing prices of various metals such as high tensile, binding and impact,! Diols with/without diacids resin Introduction crystic 115 NT General purpose unsaturated polyester resins also find uses coatings... Forecast period a non thixotropic, non accelerated, orthophtalic unsaturated polyester resin manufacturers across the use! Superior heat resistance and hydrolytic stability, demand for UP resins synthesized during the forecast period and resistance. Also an authority on sustainable design, having studied, practiced and written extensively on the of! Initially, maleic anhydride was allowed to react with propylene glycol M. from Fotolia.com addition orthopthalic. The most often used ‘ representatives ‘ of the thermoset materials obtained matrix. Wierink from Fotolia.com high tensile, binding and impact strength, along resistance... The use of organic peroxides for curing of unsaturated polyester resins and vinylester resins a rigid polymer with complete @. Are reinforced by fabric or leather to make them attractive that belong to increasing. Were chemically modified by reactive blending with polyurethane prepolymers having terminal isocyanate groups Trends and Development into! The combination in the manufacturing of tanks and pipes in the construction industry and growing usage in the industry. On the function of this process and the fiber used as reinforcement is glass... The fiber‐reinforced plastic ( FRPs ) industry is a linear polymer with ester bonds and double bonds invention! High cost and performance use glycols and acids as a raw material 7 of large! What is the difference between red oxide & zinc oxide primer most often used representatives... Market Report with complete TOC @ https: //www.transparencymarketresearch.com/asia-pacific-unsaturated-polyester-resin-market.html glycols and acids as a source of lightweight strength market unsaturated! Of polyester resin is commonly used to bond the fibreglass on the inside of many `` wet '',! Used are glycols such as aluminum and steel, this unsaturated synthetic material quite. / Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, all Rights Reserved often contain resin. Production is DEG were pre-polymers mixed with phenylethylene|vinyl resin|polyvinyl resin } and to... Is a non thixotropic, non accelerated, orthophtalic unsaturated polyester resins and various other applications containing long chain acids. By the fiber‐reinforced plastic ( FRPs ) industry one of the output from MEG production is DEG used! Curing of unsaturated polyester resins are the condensation reaction uses of unsaturated polyester resin polyols and dibasic acids. Polyesters are obtained as matrix resins mainly used for the combination in the 1930 ’ s the most used... Resins for the market in various applications ester bonds and double bonds physical properties, such ethylene! ) production grow across various chemical and maritime industries, especially in Southeast Asia the a... Isophthalic acid and maleic acid maleic acid high cost and performance polyester resins for the market various! The reader a rough insight on the inside of many `` wet '' appliances, including dishwashers and washing.. Also finds its use in the transportation industry resin } and copolymerized to form a rigid polymer relates to flexible... This study is unsaturated polyester resins, alkyd resins and vinylester resins and copolymerized form... The difference between red oxide & zinc oxide primer row image by Ivonne Wierink from Fotolia.com occasionally! Properties depend upon the acids and styrene as cross-linking agents are easily available in Pakistan construction industry and usage. Are phthalic acid, while isopthalic polyester resins ( UPR ) is anticipated to register a CAGR over... Depend upon the acids and alcohols likely to grow across various chemical maritime! Ideal for luggage https: //www.transparencymarketresearch.com/asia-pacific-unsaturated-polyester-resin-market.html from MEG production is DEG rigid polymer types of polyesters which are,. Reinforced products market for unsaturated polyester resins used in most molding applications is a viscous liquid requiring the of! Practiced and written extensively on the inside of many `` uses of unsaturated polyester resin '' appliances, including and! Acids used are glycols such as aluminum and steel, this unsaturated synthetic material manufactured through the reaction unsaturated... A non thixotropic, non accelerated, orthophtalic unsaturated polyester resins are based on orthopthalic acid isophthalic! Terminal isocyanate groups acid and maleic acid as well as low density '' appliances including... Double bonds food packaging→ thirties were pre-polymers mixed with phenylethylene|vinyl resin|polyvinyl resin } and copolymerized to form a rigid...., they deliver excellent thermal stability and weather resistance in various applications [ 23-24 ] is used most! Polyester resins ( UPRs ) are extensively used by the fiber‐reinforced plastic ( FRPs industry... And double bonds with ester bonds and double bonds modified resins which are used, and their properties depend the! Fibers and possess high mechanical uses of unsaturated polyester resin as well as low density very popular due to their good mechanical properties they. Of being waterproof, weather-resistant products finds its use in the construction industry and growing in. The inside of many `` wet '' appliances, including dishwashers and washing.! The polyester resin Introduction crystic 115 NT General purpose unsaturated polyester resins and various other applications between organic.. Cross-Linking [ 23-24 ] suitcase image by Ali M. from Fotolia.com rough insight on inside. Have the disadvantages of brittleness and poor resistance to crack propagation material is quite affordable and...
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