[10], Different categories with the Gulags: The Gulag system consisted of over 30,000 camps which were broken down into three different categories dependent upon the number of prisoners held at that camp. Hungary — 30,000 to 35,000 German civilians were deported to the USSR and that death toll was 6,000. [25] According to J. Otto Pohl 65,599 Germans perished in the special settlements, he believes that an additional 176,352 unaccounted for persons "probably died in the labor army". It is hard to explain how bad it was. Instead of giving the peasants economic incentives to raise production, Stalin chose a policy in 1928 that forced them into state-owned collective farms. Forced labor was instrumental for the Soviet Union, and during the time of industrialization it was a deemed necessary tool by the Bolsheviks, in order to rid the country of internal enemies, while at the same time using that labor to help achieve a stronger socialist union, and that idea was no different during wartime. [S]uch bad food that when I came to the concentration camp, I have seen prisoners which have only bones and skin. The Soviet gulags are seen by many as a system very similar to Nazi concentration camps. 1–5. [22] Forced labor was a way for the Soviet Union to imprison anyone for any reason, including, but not limited to, Germans, Polish, Asians, Muslim Soviets, as well as Jewish Soviets, or anyone who looked Jewish. The topic of using Germans as forced labor for reparations was first broached at the Tehran conference in 1943, where Soviet premier Joseph Stalin demanded 4,000,000 German workers. Die Vertreibung der deutschen Bevölkerung aus den Gebieten östlich der Oder-Neisse, Band 1 (1953) – Pages 83 and 87, Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa, Band III, Das Schicksal der Deutschen in Rumänien (1957) Pages 79-80, Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa - Band II: Das Schicksal der Deutschen in Ungarn (1956) Pages 44 and 72, Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa. State Defense Committee Order 7161 of December 16, 1944 instructed to intern all able-bodied Germans of ages 17–45 (men) and 18-30 (women) residing within the territories of Romania (67,332 persons), Hungary (31,920 persons), Yugoslavia (12,579 persons), which were under the control of the Red Army. Forced Labor in Kaliningrad Oblast- German civilians interned in the former East Prussia, most of the survivors were released by 1948. [3] Women and children were the exception and specific conditions were laid out for them. Manfred von Ardenne worked on Soviet atomic bomb project and was awarded a Stalin Prize.[49]. This article details the published statistical data from the West German Schieder commission of 1951–1961, the German Red Cross, the report of the German Federal Archives and a study by Gerhard Reichling (an employee of the Federal Statistical Office of Germany). By David J. Dallin and Boris I. Nicolaevsky. Throughout the world, more and more attention is given to the problem of trafficking in human beings. 1. Soviet Germans were not accepted in the regular armed forces but were employed instead as conscript labor. Since the fall of the USSR the Soviet archives have been accessible to researchers. Persons held in these short-lived camps east of the line were subsequently transferred to NKVD special camps in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany or to the Soviet Union for forced labor[4] By May 1945 the NKVD had selected for deportation to the USSR 66,152 German civilians who were considered suspected Nazi party members and government officials, as well as 89,110 able bodied adults (mostly men) for forced labor. These categories in the Red Cross figures for deportees are not listed above in the Russian archive statistics. The US Treasury placed two entities that either send or help send North Korean workers to Russia on its sanctions blacklist Thursday for involvement in "forced labor." The study estimated a total of 600,000 deaths caused by what they call "crimes and inhumanites" in the eyes of West German law, including 200,000 in forced labor in the USSR. On April 4, 1912, a strike formed by the laborers of the Lena Gold Field Company turned violent when an army detachment open-fired on the crowd. Deaths within the Gulag system: Now that the Soviet archives are available for study, it has been determined that there were between 15 and 18 million people held prisoner under Stalin. The Soviet labor camp system, later run under the “Gulag” administrative system -- short for “Glavnoe Upravlenie ispravitel’no-trudovykh LAGerei,” or Main Administration of Corrective Labor Camps – was a key feature of Russian life between the 1930s and the 1950s. The results of these West German efforts to trace the fate of those deported was detailed in a study by Kurt Böhme published in 1965 Gesucht wird, Sought After. The author of the study based these figures on the German Red Cross report which is detailed above. In the reports that followed, a muddled version of events, essentially assuming the army and officials were justified in their actions, left many with questions surrounding the circumstances in which the violence occurred. [19], There is currently an ongoing research program in collaboration between Russia and Germany:[20], The ethnic German minority in the USSR was considered a security risk by the Soviet government and they were deported during the war in order to prevent their possible collaboration with the Nazi invaders. The word “Gulag” is an acronym for The research project by Rüdiger Overmans could confirm that 363,000 German POWs died in Soviet custody, he cited the statistics of the West German Maschke commission that put the number of German POWs taken by the Soviets at 3,060,000 of whom 1,090,000 died in captivity. The effects of the Russian Civil War and later miscalculations within the newly founded Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) government of Vladimir Lenin left Joseph Stalin, the new leader of the USSR, with an impending agricultural crisis and a crumbling Russian industrial economy. All kulaks were assigned to one of three categories: Kolkhozes were typically divided up into "brigades" of 15-30 households. [42], F. 67,000 deaths in Yugoslav internment camps. "[16] The Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party formalized the decision in a resolution titled "On measures for the elimination of kulak households in districts of comprehensive collectivization" on 30 January 1930. Nazi Germany had used forced labour of people in the occupied territories since the beginning of World War II. Work days were usually 10–14 hours long and camps were often marked by unsafe work conditions, insufficient food and clothing, and limited access to medical care. [39], F. Klaipėda (Memel) residents- Ethnic Germans who remained in Klaipedia after the war. The prisoners within the Gualgs were forced labor which helped meet the goals of the Five Year Plan, as well as to provide labor for the State run projects such as the Moscow-Volga canal. At the beginning there was rampant brutality and death, but later they began to normalize and operate like any other normal societal town or city. These categories in the Red Cross figures for deportees are also listed above in the Russian archive statistics. During 1945 the Soviets deported to the special settlements an additional 203,796 Soviet ethnic Germans who had been resettled by Germany in Poland . Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945-1948. When the Nazis occupied the USSR in the early 1940s, they used millions of Ukrainians, Belarusians and Russians as forced labor. Historians cite German accounts that cover the employment of German labor by the USSR. [1][better source needed] Forced labor also provided manpower for government projects and for reconstruction after the war. Russia: Labor force, million people: For that indicator, we provide data for Russia from 1990 to 2020. Each day in our conentration camp, I do not remember a day when it was less than 20, 25 people--less than 35--which died from starvation. [17], 3. The Gulag or GULAG (Russian: ГУЛАГ; acronym for Glavnoe upravlenie lagerei, Главное управление лагерей, 'Main Directorate of Camps') was the government agency in charge of the Soviet network of forced labor camps set up by order of Vladimir Lenin, reaching its peak during Joseph Stalin's rule from the 1930s to the early 1950s. It took Keyzer eleven months to create a photoproject “Forced labor camp” devoted to Russian prisons. As opposed to Sovkhozes, or state-run farms, who employed salaried workers, the Kolkhoz workers were supposed to be paid by the day worked, although the actual rate of pay varied greatly in practice—cash was occasionally used, but more often payment was given in grain, and this only meagerly. There are no reliable records prior to this period. xv, 331. Richard Overy The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia (2004), p. 519. The following is a summary of the figures published by the Schieder commission from 1953 to 1961 for forced labor only. In the late 1920s, Moscow made a push to mandate collectivization, and in 1930, the Central Committee called for the collectivization of "the huge majority" of peasant farms". Reichling was an employee of the Federal Statistical Office who was involved in the study of German expulsion statistics since 1953. Spieler, Silke. The US Treasury placed two entities that either send or help send North Korean workers to Russia on its sanctions blacklist Thursday for involvement in what it called "forced labor." At the same time there was the creation of another, harsher form of forced labor, the Katorga. [47], The Soviet Union exploited the technical expertise of the German specialists who were resident in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany as well as POWs held in the USSR. The following is a summary of the deaths estimated in the German Federal Archive Report. The Soviet government proposed the use of German labor as reparations in 1943, and raised the issue at the Yalta Conference in February 1945. [42], B. Deported from Yugoslavia for forced labor in the USSR - About 27,000 to 30,000 civilians deported to USSR of whom c. 5,000 died.[43]. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte. In 1940 it initiated a massive project of enslaving the populations of Eastern European countries to use as forced labour in German factories and agricultural facilities. The conditions that accompanied forced labor were often harsh and could be deadly. [42], E. Held in post-war Polish internment camps - The German Federal Archives estimated 60,000 deaths of the 200,000 Germans in post-war Polish internment camps. Russia has criminalised human trafficking in article 127.1 of the criminal code. [55] Stalin resorted to slave and forced labor in order to provide food and mat… Stalin began to push for the collectivization of farms, claiming that economies of scale would help alleviate grain shortages, and seeking to extend Soviet control over peasants wealthy enough to own land and hire labor ("kulaks"). The workers were housed in concentration camps under armed guard. [2] In the reports that followed, a muddled version of events, essentially assuming the army and officials were justified in their actions, left many with questions surrounding the circumstances in which the violence occurred. [25] Americans that had come to the Soviet Union seeking work during the Great Depression found themselves pleading the American embassy for passports so that they could return to their home country. Civilian Deaths Listed by German Federal Archives 1974, Source: German Federal Archive, Spieler, Silke Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945-1948. Labor conditions of the years leading up to the event and the years following could be far from desirable, but in those years laborers maintained the legal right to strike which called for concern about the use of violence against those striking in the Lena Gold Field Company. While this increased the available grain, as the animals did not need to be fed, it drastically reduced the amount of meat, dairy and leather from the countryside. This category of deportees in the Federal Archive Report is also listed above in the Russian archive statistics. They were held under favorable conditions they began to be released in 1950, the last returned home in 1958.[37]. One end result was what was known as the Kolkhoz, a contraction of the Russian for "collective farm". [28], Pre-Gulag Forced Labor of the Early Soviet Russia and Soviet Union, Soviet forced labor camps during World War II, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, "The Soviet Forced Labor System: an Update", "Soviet Union: German Prisoners of War following World War II", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forced_labor_in_the_Soviet_Union&oldid=999671712, Articles lacking reliable references from March 2020, Articles lacking reliable references from July 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Those to be shot or imprisoned as decided by the local secret political police, Those to be sent to Siberia, the North, the Urals or Kazakhstan, after confiscation of their property, Those to be evicted from their houses and used in labor colonies within their own districts, This page was last edited on 11 January 2021, at 10:10. Labor Force Participation Rate in Russia remained unchanged at 62.30 percent in September from 62.30 percent in August of 2020. [54] However, in his Russia's War Richard Overy maintains that according to Rurrian sources 356,000 out of 2,388,000 POWs died in Soviet captivity. The institution called Gulag was closed by the MVD order No 020 of January 25, 1960. Today the number of irregular migrants in Russia … Country indicates the location where the persons were conscripted, not citizenship. [45], H. The report also estimated 138,000 violent civilian deaths during military campaign in 1944–1945;(100,000in Poland, 30,000 in Czechoslovakia and 8,000 in Yugoslavia).[46]. Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union was considered by the Soviet Union to be part of German war reparations for the damage inflicted by Nazi Germany on the Soviet Union during the Axis-Soviet campaigns (1941-1945) of World War II. In 1969, the Federal West German government ordered a study of expulsion losses to be conducted by the German Federal Archives which was finished in 1974. The West German Search Service working with the German Red Cross attempted to trace German civilians deported to the USSR and estimate the approximate number who died. 4. [3], During the 1945 military campaign in Poland the Soviet Union interned suspected Nazi party members and government officials in camps in the Soviet-occupied areas east of the Oder-Neisse line. [21] The Soviet German population grew despite the deportations and forced labor during the war; in the 1939 Soviet census the German population was 1.427 million by 1959 it had increased to 1.619 million.[27]. New Forced Labour in Russia is the first study of coercive aspects of irregular migration in the country conducted in 2003 in Moscow, the Moscow region, Omsk and the Stavropol territory by the ILO’s Special Action Programme to Combat Forced Labour. The average value for Russia during that period was 73.9 million people with a minimum of 68.95 million people in 1998 and a maximum of 76.04 million people in 2009. Wiesbaden, 1958. [59], Recent disclosures from the Soviet archives, Deportation and forced labor of Soviet Germans during WW2, Pavel Polian-Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR Central European University Press 2003, Pavel Polian-Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR Central European University Press 2003 Pages 293-295, J. Otto Pohl-The Stalinist Penal System: A Statistical History of Soviet Repression and Terror, 1930-1953 McFarland, 1997, Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa I. [7], The Soviets sent about three-quarters of the laborers to the Donets Basin to work in the reconstruction of heavy industry and mines, and about 11% to the Urals' heavy industries. In addition he listed 182,000 Austrians taken prisoner[51][52] In his revised 2001 edition Krivosheev put the number of German military POWs (Wehrmacht of all nationalities) at 2,733,739 and dead at 381,067 [53] These figures are disputed by sources in the west that give a higher number of POWs captured and estimate losses may be higher than those reported by the USSR. Before that, however, it was known in the West through accounts released in West Germany and recollections of the internees. Bonn 1989 Pages 53–54. In October 1946 the Soviet NKVD forcibly deported from East Germany "a few hundred" selected German experts to work in the USSR. Nearly 800,000 people live as modern-day slaves in Russia, working under conditions of forced labor, debt bondage and human trafficking, according to … Joseph Stalin announced the "liquidation of the kulaks as a class" on 27 December 1929. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte. Wages were fixed as of 1917 by the Supreme Counsel of Popular Economy and the work day was to be set to eight hours but a worker and the employer could agree upon overtime to be worked and conditions were laid out for Voluntary work, work that was done on Saturdays and Sundays. [26], The UPV camp system, separate from the Gulag, was established in 1939 to utilize POWs and foreign civilians for labor. The Soviet concentration-camp system became a gigantic organization for the exploitation of … During World War II some of these labor camps were turned into camps where prisoners of war were kept, and forced to work under horrible conditions, resulting in a high mortality rate. 1-min read. Oldenbourg 2000. had used forced labour of people in the occupied territories since the beginning of World War II, a massive project of enslaving the populations of Eastern European countries to use as forced labour in German factories and agricultural facilities, Chief Directorate for Prisoners of War and Internee Affairs, Kulturstiftung der deutschen Vertriebenen, German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union, Forced labor of Germans after World War II, The Soviet Union and the western allies employed German POW labor up until 1949, Forced labour under German rule during World War II, Forced labor of Hungarians in the Soviet Union, Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR, Flight and expulsion of Germans from Romania during and after World War II, Forced labor in Germany during World War II, La recherche des Allemands prisonniers ou portés disparus au cours de la Seconde Guerre mondial, The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War, Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees, European University Institute, Florence. 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