The Booklet covers NPK production technology including gas scrubbing and materials handling equipment and the storage needed to handle solid raw materials and finished products. 64 17 - Controlled Emission Factors for Thermal Phosphoric Acid Production 65 The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said contaminants are selected from the group consisting of nitrogen oxides. All plants for the production of nitric acid are currently based on the same basic chemical operations:-– Oxidation of ammonia with air to give nitric oxide – Oxidation of the nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide and absorption in water to give a solu-tion of nitric acid Chile. Found insideThis volume includes the papers presented during the 1st Euro-Mediterranean Conference for Environmental Integration (EMCEI) which was held in Sousse, Tunisia in November 2017. Uhde’s NO X and N 2O abatement technology … Mainly there are three methods to prepare nitric acid but we choose Ostwald’s process or also known as ammonia oxidation process above all due to its advantages such as increased quality of nitric acid compared to other two process and a low operating cost. This book provides a comprehensive description of 1) products that are made from or that contain nitrogen, 2) the processes that produce these products and 3) the markets that consume these products. Nitric acid compressor train, Spain and Australia. Most of the world production of nitric acid is used in the production of agricultural fertilisers, either for ammonium nitrate or in the various nitrophosphate processes. It comprises an air and NOx compressor as well as a process gas expander and steam turbine. Converter. 04, pp. A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Nitric acid is one of the basic industrial chemicals. production process and would be emitted to the atmos-phere if not appropriately treated. of greenhouse gas direct emissions resulting from the production of nitric acid (HNO 3). 8 Nitric acid high-performance tube range 9 Sometimes referred to as “the gold standard” for nitric acid heat exchangers, zirconium offers excellent corrosion resistance to nitric acid in all concentrations up to 90% and higher temperatures (see diagram). If nitric acid mists are inhaled, health risks include corrosion of mucous membranes, delayed pulmonary edema, and even death. 14 - Nitrogen Oxide Emissions from Nitric Acid Plants ..... 63 15 - Controlled Emission Factors for Wet Phosphoric Acid Production ..... 64 16 - Uncontrolled Emission Factors for Wet Phosphoric Acid Production. 3: Ostwald's Process for the Manufacture of Nitric Acid. Nitric oxide and water are formed in this process according to the main equation: 43 + 52 4 + 62 (1) Found insideComprehensive and detailed, the book is supported by problems and selected solutions. In addition the book is widely used by professionals as a day-to-day reference. Found inside – Page 5Years Inventor Process 1908 W. Ostwald The Ostwald process for nitric acid synthesis 1913 F. Haber C. Bosch Haber–Bosch ammonia synthesis 1926 F. Fischer H. of greenhouse gas direct emissions resulting from the production of nitric acid (HNO 3). for SOE operation. This is subsequently absorbed in water to form nitric acid and nitric oxide. Nitric Acid Plant Inspection Guide Same will be done in this design work. Then in step 2, the nitrogen dioxide that was formed is absorbed in water. Found insideAlthough the main processes that affect the N cycle are well known, this book is focused on the causes and effects of disruption in the N cycle, specifically in India. emit nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide (the visible emissions), and trace amounts of nitric acid mist. The Industrial Production of Ahmad Shah Idil; 12AB. The main industrial use of nitric acid is for the production of fertilizers. STATE-OF-THE-ART FOR THE PRODUCTION OF NITRIC ACID WITH REGARD TO THE IPPC DIRECTIVE Herbert WIESENBERGER MONOGRAPHIEN Band 150 M-150 Wien, 2001 Federal Environment Agency – Austria Nitric Acid 1.1. Found insideThe purpose of this book is to provide a base of information and analysis to assist in implementation of the policy of reducing and/or minimizing hazardous waste generation in manufacturing and more specifically in the process industries. Nitric acid reactions. Nitric acid decomposes into water, nitrogen dioxide, and oxygen, forming a brownish yellow solution. It is a strong acid, completely ionized into hydronium (H 3 O +) and nitrate (NO 3−) ions in aqueous solution, and a powerful oxidizing agent (one that acts as electron acceptor in oxidation-reduction reactions ). A step-by-step approach is used to cover every phase of the calculation process from data gathering to reporting. Found insideThis work provides an experience-based review of how sulfuric acid plants work, how they should be designed and how they should be operated for maximum sulfur capture and minimum environmental impact. Chemically, nitric acid is made by bubbling nitrogen dioxide into water. So the objective in this approach is to generate nitrogen dioxide. This can be done by reacting hydrochloric acid, a nitrate salt and copper. It may also be made from purchased nitric acid. Found insideThe book's three-part treatment starts with a clear and rigorous exposition of metals, including topics such as preparations, structures and bonding, reactions and properties, and complex formation and sequestering. STATE-OF-THE-ART FOR THE PRODUCTION OF NITRIC ACID WITH REGARD TO THE IPPC DIRECTIVE Herbert WIESENBERGER MONOGRAPHIEN Band 150 M-150 Wien, 2001 Federal Environment Agency – Austria Found insideSubscribers are able to download the report as PDF file. The new reports delivery schedule, for the upcoming 12 months, is presented at Intratec website. The acid produced in the first tower reaches a concentration of 30 to 40 per cent, of nitric acid, while the strengths in the succeeding towers are 20, 10, and 5 per cent, respectively. Industrial Production 1.3.1. The heat generated by the formation of Nitric Acid is released by coils submerged into the emulsion on the tray. acid. Under the terms of the contract, KBR will provide license, basic engineering design and proprietary equipment for both plants, to deliver a capacity increase of approximately 35 percent at each plant. Provided is a process having an increased production capacity for nitric acid, which moves can be operated safely and efficiently. Nitric Acid Market 2019 Announce Eminent CAGR Growth at (9.2%) until 2029 - Nitric acid is predominantly used in the production of adipic acid. Nitric Acid Manufacturing Process Nitric Acid is a highly corrosive mineral acid. A step-by-step approach is used to cover every phase of the calculation process from data gathering to reporting. nitric acid and concentrated hydrochloric acid (aqua regia) also dissolves gold. 8/20/15. Found insideThe book devotes considerably more space to CO2 than to the other gases because CO2 is the largest single contributor to global climate change and is thus the focus of many mitigation efforts. Commercial grade nitric acid solutions are usually between 52% and 68% nitric acid. History of Nitric Acid Production Nitric acid occurs in nature in the form of nitrate salts. PRODUCT YIELD Gaseous ammonia and 60% w/w nitric acid react in a stainless steel vessel to produce an aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate (80%). NITRIC ACID MANUFACTURE vapor, nitric oxide and nitrogen di-oxide. saltpetre or nitrate Arc process or Birkeland and Eyde process Ostwald's process or Ammonia oxidation process. Nitric Acid Production Protocol. Near the beginning of the 20th century, world reserves of sodium nitrate were low and processes were being developed to replace nitrate with nitrogen. In this book, leading experts accumulate the recent development in the research on oxidative stress and approaches to enhance antioxidant defense system in crop plants. The overall process synthesizes ammonia from molecular nitrogen and hydrogen by feeding the reactants over iron catalysts at a high pressure and temperature, requiring bulky, well-insulated reactors to house the process. A process for the preparation of oxalic acid which comprises dissolving propylene in nitric acid at 10°-40° C., the concentration of nitric acid being between 50-75 percent by weight and the molar ratio of propylene to nitric acid being from 0.01:1 to 0.5:1 and then heating the solution obtained at 45°-100° C. with simultaneous removal of the nitrogen oxides formed. Found insideUpdating the comprehensive coverage of the first edition published in 1998 with the latest science and applications, Structured Catalysts and Reactors, Second Edition gives detailed information on all aspect secondary and tertiary catalysts, to reduce N 2 O emissions generated as a byproduct of nitric acid production. The production of nitric acid takes place in 3 process steps shown by the following main equations: 1. Most of the nitrogen oxides are found in the tail gases of the absorption tower. However, for nitrations and other applications a more concentrated nitric acid is re-quired. Nylon 6,6 has gained paramount importance in variegated end-use industries such as tire, textiles and automotive. 8 The two processes are based on different technologies, having different investment costs, economic impact, energy consumptions, emission values and process integration. The article contains sections titled: 1. "Solid" nitric acid (up to 99 wt%) is needed for some natural and organic reactions of modern significance (Lefers, 1980). A process for the production of nitric acid using the dual-pressure process in which the ammonia is burnt at an initial low pressure with the aid of compressed process air and the nitrous gases formed during combustion are at least partly absorbed by water at … 2. This report presents a cost analysis of Adipic Acid production from cyclohexane. Found insideWhilst this book will provide the necessary subject matter, the reader will ultimately be responsible for their own progress. Tutors will also find this book invaluable as a source of material for lectures and tutorials. Found insideThe book discusses traditional processes to create products like nitric acid, sulphuric acid, ammonia, and methanol, as well as more novel products like bioethanol and biodiesel. 8.8.2.1 Weak Nitric Acid Production 1,3-4 - Nearly all the nitric acid produced in the U. S. is manufactured by the high-temperature catalytic oxidation of ammonia as shown schematically in Figure 8.8-1. 2). A generator, coupled to the train, ensures optimized energy recovery. Transformations of nitrogen into reactive forms, particularly nitric acid (HNO 3) and ammonia (NH 3), are vital to living organisms and industrial processes [].The worldwide production of HNO 3 and NH 3 was 50 and 150 million metric tons, respectively, in 2017 [].Commercial HNO 3 is produced through the catalytic oxidation of NH 3 (Ostwald process), but this approach is … Only later properties of this substance ... worked out for its production. The choice between medium- and high-pressure mono and dual-pressure production process often comes down to … 2O) emissions from nitric acid production worldwide have been estimated at about 400,000 t/a, equivalent to 120 million t/a CO 2e, making nitric acid manufacture the largest single industrial process source of N 2O. Nitric acid is produced industrially through a multistep reaction process known as Ostwald process. This process is based upon the oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen by atmospheric oxygen to nitric oxide with a very high temperature electric arc. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. Nitric acid plants. Most of the world's hunger and poverty occurs in rural areas. The use of fertilizers could improve agricultural productivity in these areas. Ion- Exchange Unit This unit consists of series of packed beds containing various organic polymer resins for the removal of unwanted divalent and monovalent ions. Some 99% acid is required for the manufacture of, for example, organic nitro-compounds for the explosives and dye industries. NO x content in tail gas is lower than 600 ppm. The Manufacture of Nitric Acid THE ROLE OF PLATINUM ALLOY GAUZES IN THE AMMONIA OXIDATION PROCESS By H. Connor, BS~. The final solid fertilizer product may leave the production site … Near the beginning of the 20th century, world reserves of sodium nitrate were low and processes were being developed to replace nitrate with nitrogen. However, these N2O emissions can be abated relatively easily and usually at a lower cost than most other measures aimed at GHG emission abatement. An Fe/BEA powder catalyst prepared by Fe ion-exchange with steam-treated BEA zeolite was extruded in pellets and honeycombs. Used for the generation of de-ionized water. Nitric acid is produced in a dual pressure process in two identical production lines with an overall production capacity of 810 t/d of 100 % HNO 3. The Ammonia Oxidation Process for Nitric Acid Manufacture EARLY DEVELOPMENTS WITH PLATINUM CATALYSTS By L. B. The process involves three chemical steps (Fig. Ammonia combustion 4 NH 3 + 5 O 2 4 NO + 6 H 2 O + 905 kJ 2. 1.2 Basics The azeotropic point for the nitric acid / water system is well known as a limitation for distillation. The Ostwald process converts ammonia to nitric acid and involves two steps. The nitric add produced in the absorber contains a large 3. NITRIC ACID PRODUCTION. emit nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide (the visible emissions), and trace amounts of nitric acid mist. Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories N20 Emissions from Adipic Acid and Nitric Acid Production 185 1.1.2 N2O generation process Table 1 summarizes factors that influence N2O generation for adipic and nitric acid production.Both production Hunt, M.SC., Pm. organic nitrations. Nitric acid reactions. INTRODUCTION. Normally the ammonium nitrate is made from the nitric acid which is available from the production facility. This sectoral guideline covers process related N 2 O (nitrous oxide) emissions from the production of nitric acid. Ammonia, oxygen, water are the raw materials of nitric acid manufacturing. 64 17 - Controlled Emission Factors for Thermal Phosphoric Acid Production 65 Production of 15N-Enriched Nitric Acid (H15NO 3) 745 Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol. Found inside – Page 229... Issue 2 Feb 05 http://www.solve.csiro.au/0205/solve0205.pdf accessed 25 August 2011. ... (2003), Formation and control of N2O in nitric acid production. The components and processes of the manufacturing plant for the production of nitric acid by the Ostwald's process are as follows: Fig. ton/year (100% basis). Nitric acid is both a strong acid and a strong oxidizing agent, nitric acid can dissolve most metals. GP NITRIC ACID PROCESS DESCRIPTION Mono Pressure Process Air Compression Ammonia supply Ammonia Oxidation Heat Recovery on NO x Gas Acid Production by NO x Gas Absorption Process water is fed on the upper tray of absorber. The manufacturing of nitric acid for use in fertilizers, plastics, dyes, textiles, and other industrial products, has evolved to three industry-standard processes. The Booklet does not cover the production of any intermediates such as nitric acid, phosphoric acid, sulphuric acid, ammonium nitrate solution or superphosphates. Production of nitric acid is via the Ostwald process, named after German chemist Wilhelm Ostwald. This process is based upon the oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen by atmospheric oxygen to nitric oxide with a very high temperature electric arc. in Kutina, Croatia. Nitric acid is most commonly manufactured by Ostwald process. In the first industrial process of nitric Nitric acid is one of the basic industrial chemicals acid production by ammonia oxidation designed by with annual world production of about 50 million metric Ostwald at the beginning of the 19th century, pure ton/year (100% basis). – The nitric acid route or nitrophosphate process, described in this Booklet – The sulphuric acid route or mixed-acid process, described in EFMA BAT Booklet No. 3) for nitrogen oxides. In step 1, ammonia is oxidized to form nitric oxide and also nitrogen dioxide. Oxidation of Ammonia 1.3.2. The process comprises forming a reaction mixtures by mixing air, ammonia, oxygen and an inert cooling fluid, preferably water, and then reacting the ammonia with oxygen in a reaction zone to form nitric oxide. To investigate the feasibility of the simultaneous abatement of N 2 O and NO x in a single reactor, this field study was performed in a nitric acid production plant. Exergy Analyzing Method in Process Integration Of The Nitric Acid Production Plant 111 [ ln ] 1 2 0 p p GR T H Ex T lm cons − ∆ = (2) This equation is not appropriate for steam turbine T2, since the ideal gas assumption is not valid. Nitric acid is a key chemical for many industries. 34 NITRIC ACID: MANUFACTURING PROCESSES OSTWALD'S PROCESS OR AMMONIA OXIDATION PROCESS. 2): 1. The Ostwald process converts ammonia to nitric acid and involves two steps. A further advantage derives from the fact that the integration between the ammonia and nitric acid production takes place through a by-product stream of the nitric acid process, i.e. 1.3. Nitric acid is both a strong acid and a strong oxidizing agent, nitric acid can dissolve most metals. N2O is formed as an unwanted by-product of the nitric acid production process and has a global warming potential (GWP) 265 times that of CO2 (see also question 30). Smaller amounts of acid of 95% strength are used for organic nitrations in the dye-stuffs and explosives industries. Found insideDabei werden auch Details zur Untersuchung unterschiedlicher Matrices gegeben. Damit ist dieses Werk ein unablässiger Leitfaden auf der Suche nach einer maßgeschneiderten Lösung für jedes Problem der Spurenelementanalyse. Process Emissions from Nitric Acid Manufacturing Process emissions from nitric acid plants consist primarily of nitric oxide ( NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), and nitrogen oxide (NOx) from the tail gas of the acid absorptioin tower, nitrous oxide (N 2O), trace amounts of nitric acid (HNO 3) mist from the Ostwald’s original industrial plant had an output of some 100 tons of acid a year; today the Nitric acid video A short video clip illustrating the process of nitric acid production that can be viewed online by students or downloaded for showing in class. Found insideThe book provides chapters on sex hormones and their modulation in neurodegenerative processes and pathologies, from basic molecular mechanisms, physiology, gender differences, to neuroprotection and clinical aspects for potential novel ... Properties 1.3. 1 2 3. synthesis is the Haber-Bosch process, created by Fritz Haber in 1905 and developed for industry by Carl Bosch in 1910. Found insideThis book presents WHO guidelines for the protection of public health from risks due to a number of chemicals commonly present in indoor air. "Solid" nitric acid (up to 99 wt%) is needed for some natural and organic reactions of modern significance (Lefers, 1980). It is these gases which are visible as a red-brown plume. Most of the nitrogen oxides are found in the tail gases of the absorption tower. Johnson Matthey & Co Limited Nitric acid production by the oxidation of ammonia on platinum gauzes con- stitutes one of the world’s major chemical industries. Contact with eyes can cause permanent cornea damage. for nitric acid, many producers share the role of supplier and consumer by using nitric acid internally as an input to final market goods. Similar to a standard nitric acid production process (see e.g., Chatterjee and Joshi27), the heat exchangers HE-4 and HE-5 are applied to fully make use of the remaining heat. Nitric acid with a concentration of up to 68% can be produced with the uhde® azeotropic process. Normally the ammonium nitrate is made from the nitric acid which is available from the production facility. Found insidePhotosynthetic production of reduced photosynthetic and respiratory pathways, in order to carbon and its reoxidation in respiration are necessary co-ordinate carbon partioning and nitrogen assim- ation. to produce both the energy and the ... Toxicological Profiles are a unique compilation of toxicological information on a given hazardous substance. This process typically consists of 3 steps: (1) ammonia oxidation, (2) nitric … Catalytic oxidation processes are bf central importance to a substantial part of large-scale chemical industry. Indeed, this area of industrial catalysis has an extremely long history which stretches back well into the last century. Ostwald process has gained popularity over the years as it is the easiest way to produce nitric acid which is also widely used in many areas such as in the production of fertilizers as well as inorganic and organic nitrates or nitro compounds. what is claimed is 1. It is little more than jifty years since the Jirst manufacture of nitric acid by the oxidation of ammonia over a platinum catalyst. Nitric acid is a colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. It is colorless in appearance similar to water but older samples happen to acquire a yellow color of different shades depending on its decomposition into oxides of nitrogen inside water or due to dissolution of nitrogen dioxide in to the water. 2. Nitric Acid Concentration Process For many purposes, 55 to 60% nitric acid is satisfactory. nitric acid process While 60% nitric acid is usually required for fertilizer manufacture, the non-fertilizer industry demands higher concentrations. The writing of this book has afforded him pleasure in his leisure moments, and that pleasure would be much increased if he knew that the perusal of it would create any bond of sympathy between himself and the angling community in general. A dark collection of poems about boys I've loved in one way or another. of the nitric acid feedstock which can vary from 50 to 70%. Oxidation of the nitric oxide 2 NO + O 2 2 NO 2 + 113 kJ 3. Entropy data, available from the steam tables, can be used to calculate the exergy consumed at turbine T2. This sectoral guideline covers process related N 2 O (nitrous oxide) emissions from the production of nitric acid. In this process, anhydrous ammonia is oxidized to nitric oxide, which is then reacted with oxygen in air to form nitrogen dioxide. Appendices – explanation on how energy is used in the industry and in various processes and Found insideSubscribers are able to download the report as PDF file. The new reports delivery schedule, for the upcoming 12 months, is presented at Intratec website. Industrial Production The industrial production of nitric acid by the Ostwald process is described in this section. The industrial production of nitric acid from atmospheric air began in 1905 with the Birkeland–Eyde process, also known as the arc process. This book provides concise and clear explanation and look-up data on properties, exposure limits, flashpoints, monitoring techniques, personal protection and a host of other parameters and requirements relating to compliance with designated ... Provides specific principles, concepts, and methods for quantifying and reporting GHG reductions from climate change mitigation projects. Flow 3) for nitrogen oxides. This may be nitric, hydrochloric or sulphuric but this Booklet is con-cerned only with processes using the sulphuric acid route since this is the process normal-ly used in the production of fertilizers in Europe. Description of the Nitric Acid Production Process (U.S. EPA, AP-42 Background Report) There are two different nitric acid production methods: weak nitric acid and high-strength nitric acid. This complete five-casing nitric acid train was designed to sit on a steel base frame for an extra-short on-site assembly time. nitric acid is found in the Liber de inventione veritatis, a ... some process. The industrial production of nitric acid from atmospheric air began in 1905 with the Birkeland–Eyde process, also known as the arc process. The Fertilizer Manual, 3rd Edition, is a new, fully updated, comprehensive reference on the technology of fertilizer production. PROCESS BASIS PROCESS BASIS Ammonia is reacted with air on platinum/rhodium alloy catalysts in the oxidation section of nitric acid plants. INTRODUCTION. This in-turn forms nitric acid. This technical paper begins by introducing the concept of aquaponics, including a brief history of its development and its place within the larger category of soil-less culture and modern agriculture. An introduction to nitric acid production. Present information to describe the steps and chemistry involved in the industrial production of sulfuric acid and analyse the process to predict ways in which the output of sulfuric acid can be maximized. Found insideThis book presents sustainable synthetic pathways and modern applications of ammonia. It focuses on the production of ammonia using various catalytic systems and its use in fuel cells, membrane, agriculture, and renewable energy sectors. Ammonia, oxygen, water are the raw materials of nitric acid manufacturing. While nitric acid is used in the production of fertilizers, plastics, dyes, and explosives, it is also a core component in the production of:Metal nitratesInorganic nitrate saltsVarious organic intermediates (most which are consumed in synthetic fibers and plastics) Found insideThe recommendations presented here are also pragmatic and achievable. Around 80% of nitric acid is platinum gauzes served as the catalyst. Nitric acid plants. Found inside – Page 11Sulfuric Acid Waste The production process of pesticide, ammonium sulfate, superphosphate, ... ChineseStandard.net → Buy True-PDF → Auto-delivery. The maximum production of nitric acid corresponds to the reaction 2NO 2 + H 2 O → … Nitric acid is produced by two methods: (1) The first method utilizes oxidation, condensation, and absorption to produce a weak nitric acid that can have concentrations ranging from 30% to 70% (v/v) nitric acid, and (2) the second method combines dehydrating, bleaching, condensing, and absorption to produce high-strength nitric acid from weak nitric acid; high-strength nitric acid generally contains more than 90% (v/v) nitric acid. production, Chapters Three through Eighteen - step-by-step best practices to save energy and reduce costs in ammonia, urea, ammonium nitrate production and product finishing, and on how to reduce N 2 O emissions in nitric acid production. It may also be made from purchased nitric acid. Chile saltpetre method was first method which commercially produced nitric acid with raw material Trusted, irreplaceable, and expert-authored, this is the only book that includes a critical analysis of existing methods as well as hands-on practical recommendations. The absorption tower, common to all ammonia-oxidation nitric acid production facilities, is the primary source of NO x emissions. The final solid fertilizer product may leave the production site … The acid from the absorption towers contains typically 56-60% nitric acid by mass but can be manufactured up to ca 68% by mass. The acidulation first method utilizes oxidation, condensation, and trace amounts of acid rain is required. Thermal Phosphoric acid production facilities, is presented at Intratec website so the objective in this process the. 2.1.1 nitric acid is produced industrially through a multistep reaction process known as Ostwald process, forming brownish... Cm x 34 cm ): manufacturing processes Ostwald 's process or ammonia oxidation process emitted the! Selected from the production facility extra-short on-site assembly time essentially the nitric acid production process pdf acid! Materials of nitric acid is platinum gauzes served as the arc process detailed the. Is then reacted with air on platinum/rhodium alloy catalysts in the Liber de inventione veritatis, a some! Acid was obviously the obstacle that slowed down its introduction into wider use ( 14 ) fertilizer.! As well as a source of NO x emissions 2 + 113 kJ 3 will... By L. B the use of nitric acid mist O emissions generated as a source of material lectures. Claimed in claim 1 wherein said contaminants are selected from the production site … nitric acid ( 3! Water to form nitric oxide with a very high nitric acid production process pdf electric arc step,. Steam turbine ultimately be responsible for their own progress are as follows:.! 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